Definition of Semi-Auxiliaries and Semi-Modals

Definition of Semi-Auxiliaries and Semi-Modals In English grammar, a semi-auxiliary is a multi-word construction based on an auxiliary verb and having some of the same grammatical characteristics. Also known as a semi-modal or a lexical auxiliary. Semi-auxiliaries include be about to, be able to, be going to, be likely to, be supposed to, had better, have to, ought to, used to, and would rather. Some are followed by an infinitive; others by a zero infinitive. Geoffrey Leech et al. note that the semi-modals are probably the most cited cases of grammaticalization in the ongoing history of English. Among these, in turn, the protoypical, most indubitable cases of semi-modal status are BE going and HAVE to . . .. [T]he lexically independent verbs have and go have, over the centuries, gradually acquired an auxiliary-like function in construction with the infinitive to (Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study, 2012). Also Known As:  semi-modal, quasi-modal, periphrastic modal, phrasal auxiliary, modal-like, modal idiom, lexical auxiliary Examples and Observations What you have become is the price you paid to get what you used to want.(Mignon McLaughlin, The Complete Neurotics Notebook. Castle Books, 1981)Women have got to make the world safe for men since men have made it so darned unsafe for women.(Lady Nancy Astor)We had better dispense with the personification of evil, because it leads, all too easily, to the most dangerous kind of war: religious war.(Konrad Lorenz, On Aggression, 1963)Girl, you look so good, someone ought to put you on a plate and sop you up with a biscuit.(Arsenio Hall as Reverend Brown in Coming to America, 1988)Reckon somebody oughta help the poor guy.(Nigel in Finding Nemo, 2003)A great teacher is supposed to show them there are other points of view besides their own.(Matthew Morrison as Will Schuester, The Substitute. Glee, 2010)Im shaking the dust of this crummy little town off my feet and Im going to see the world. Italy, Greece, the Parthenon, the Coliseum. Then Im going to go to college and see what they know, an d then Im going to build things. Im gonna build air fields. Im gonna build skyscrapers a hundred stories high. Im gonna build bridges a mile long.(George Bailey in Its a Wonderful Life [1946], adapted from the short story The Greatest Gift [1943] by Philip Van Doren Stern) Strings of Semi-Auxiliaries Only the first word in a semi-auxiliary is a true auxiliary, since only that word functions as an operator, for example in forming questions: Is Sandra going to apply for the job?Had I better eat now?Is Jennifer supposed to phone us today? The semi-auxiliaries may come together to make a long string of verbs: We seem to be going to have to keep on paying the full fee.They are likely to be about to start working on our project. (Sidney Greenbaum and Gerald Nelson, An Introduction to English Grammar, 3rd ed. Pearson, 2009) The Habitual Past With Used to The   past form of habitual aspect is often expressed by the semi-auxiliary used to: Your mother used to sleep like a log.People used to whitewash their ceilings.My father used to bath us six kids in front of the fire. These utterances describe situations that occurred habitually in the past.(Thomas Edward Payne, Understanding English Grammar: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press, 2010) The Future With Going to The salient semantic and pragmatic features of going to which are generally underlined by grammarians are: - its relatively informal style with respect to will (Huddleston and Pullum, 2002: 211). The widespread use of gonna (as opposed to going to in conversation is often a marker of informality; and it certainly is in written texts when spelt that way. . . .;- its dual meaning of future fulfillment of present intention and future result of present cause (Quirk et al. 1985), which have often been summed up as its intentional meaning and its predictive meaning;- its tendency to be used to indicate the proximity of a future event unless there is a time adverbial or context indicating otherwise (Declerck 1991: 114). The fact that the structure is that of the present progressive form of the verb to go would seem to underline strongly its connection with the present (Williams 2002: 102). (Yiva Berglund and Christopher Williams, The Semantic Properties of Going to: Distribution Patterns in Four Subcorpora of the British National Corpus. Corpus Linguistics 25 Years On, ed. by Roberta Facchinetti. Rodopi, 2007) Markings for Tense and Person [S]ome of the semi-modals, like have to and be going to, can be marked for tense and person: - past tense:He had to call the police. (CONV)- third-person agreement:Maybe she has to grow up a bit more. (CONV) These semi-modals can sometimes co-occur with a central modal verb or another semi-modal.(Douglas Biber, Susan Conrad, and Geoffrey Leech, Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Pearson, 2002)

Ways to Build Relationships With Colleagues at Your First Job

Ways to Build Relationships With Colleagues at Your First Job Your first job out of college is full of new experiences. It may be the first time you earn a salary, the first time you’re in charge of a project and the first time you’re introduced to office politics. Establishing a good first impression is important, but it’s the weeks and months after that that will determine a lot about how you feel about your job. Cultivating working relationships with colleagues is an important part of your professional life. Exchanging ideas with others in your field can lead to great developments in your career. 75% of employers rate team work and collaboration as â€Å"very important† but 39% of employees believe that their organization doesn’t collaborate enough. The point is that both employers and employees believe that exchanging ideas is essential to doing good work. Improving your relationships with your co-workers is helpful to both you and your organization. So what are the best ways to grow business relationships in the workplace? Here are some tips for recent graduates: Ask Someone Out for Lunch Conversations and experiences outside of the workplace take the relationship out of the office context and create a deeper bond. Maybe you’re working with someone on a project and would like to develop more of a friendship with them. Why not extend an offer for them to have lunch with you? You can use the project as a springboard to talk about other subjects or keep the conversation to business. Ask Someone to Mentor You You’re new in the office and still have a lot to learn. If there’s a colleague whose business style and knowledge you admire, don’t be afraid to ask them if they would mentor you. The worst they can say is no, and the best they can do is show you the ropes of a business you’re just starting out in. Invite Co-Workers to Social Events Throwing a party at your apartment or inviting people out on a Friday night can help you get to know your colleagues better. Conversations are likely to migrate from work to personal life and you’ll be able to find common ground with your co-workers, discover more about where they’re from, what their hobbies are and hopefully develop some friendships. Say Yes to Invitations Likewise, if someone in the office extends an invitation to you, make sure you accept unless you have a prior commitment you absolutely can’t break. If someone invites you to their home, bring a gift such as flowers or a bottle of wine or something that you know they like. Create a Company Sporting Event If you enjoy a particular sport such as Frisbee, soccer, volleyball or any other sport, you may want to invite the rest of the office to participate with you. That way you can combine an activity you already practice with the rest of the office. Hopefully it will be fun and spark some healthy competition. Remember People’s Birthdays You’re likely to add most of your co-workers to your social networks so pay attention when someone’s birthday comes up. A simple â€Å"Happy Birthday† said in person can be a nice gesture. Likewise with other celebrations such as anniversaries and other holidays. It may not sound like much but just going out of your way to extend a greeting to someone on a special day can go a long way. Bring in Some Treats How does that old saying go? The way to a co-worker’s heart is through their stomach? Well, even if that’s not the way it goes, it’s still true. Bringing in some home-made snacks can score you points with your colleagues. Ask Someone to Collaborate on a Project With You If you’re working on something alone but think the project can be served better by combining with another co-worker’s talent, ask them if they would like to come onboard. Of course, get your supervisor’s permission first, but if they say yes, it could be a great way to enhance your professional relationships and get more experience working as a team. Above all, be polite, respectful and friendly and you’ll be making office friends in no time.

Role, Timing, and Mechanics of Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Role, Timing, and Mechanics of Accounting - Essay Example B) The other piece of information required can be the storage of dates on the entries so that they come in handy for the proper management of records and so that the company can reflect back and learn from the decisions taken in the past C) Cats and Dogs Company Trading and Profit and Loss Account Extract for the month of March Sales Less: Expenses Interest Expenses Profit $ 20 650 $ 900 (675) 225 Cats and Dogs Company Retained Earning Statement Extract for the month of March Retained Earning Beginning Net Profit Less Dividends Retained Earnings At End $ xxx 225 (25) $ 200 Cats and Dogs Company Balance Sheet Extract for the month of March Assets Cash Short Term Liabilities Interest Payable Long Term Liability Notes Payable Owner's Equity Capital Retained Earnings $ $ 2000 6000 200 $ 15325 20 6200 8220 Cats and Dogs Company Cash Flow Statement Extract for the month of March Cash from Operating Activities Services Expenses Cash from Investing Activities Capital Cash flows from Financing Activities Notes Drawings/Dividends Net Increase in Cash $ $ 9000 (650) 2000 (25) $ 8350 6000 1975 16325 Part Two A) a. The equipment (purchased on January 1, 2003) has a useful life of 12 years with no salvage value (Straight-line method is used). Depreciation 70000 Accumulated Depreciation 70000 The cost of the asset decreases by 70000 b. Interest accrued on the bonds payable is $20,000 as of December 31, 2003. Interest Expense 20000 Interest Payable 20000 The liabilities increase by 20000 c. Unexpired insurance at December 31, 2003 is $7,000. This would increase the assets by 7000 d. The rent payment of $140,000 covered the four months from December 1, 2003 through March 31, 2004. Interest Prepaid 105000 Cash 105000 This would have no affect as one assets increase while the other asset decreases e. Salaries and wages of $28,000 were earned but unpaid at December 31, 2003. Salaries Expense 28000 Salaries Accrued 28000 The liabilities would increase by 28000 B) 1) Trading and profit and loss account 2) Balance sheet-current assets 3) Balance sheet-current liabilities 4) Balance sheet-current assets 5) Balance sheet-current assets 6) Balance sheet-Property plant and equipment 7) Balance sheet-current assets 8) Balance sheet-current assets 9) Balance sheet-current assets 10) Balance sheet-stock holder's equity 11) Trading and profit and loss account 12) Trading and profit and loss account References 1) Hagen, K. M. (2005). How To Prepare a Cash Flow Statement. Retrieved February 17, 2008, from Googo Bits: http://www.googobits.com/articles/932-how-to-prepare-a-cash-flow-statement.html 2) Preparing the Financial Statements. (2007). Retrieved February 17, 2008, from Net MBA: http://www.netmba.com/accounting/fin/process/statements/ 3) Sangster, Alan & Wood, Frank (1999), "Business Accounting 2", Eighth

Playing Dual Roles in Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Playing Dual Roles in Organizations - Essay Example These people were voted on by a review committee and part of the determining factor was that these people were not meeting the standards and objectives that Enron created. Those who did meet the standards often received millions of dollars in bonuses. Therefore, this particular system made it so that employees were rewarded for doing what Enron wanted and punished for when they didn’t. This fostered a dangerous mindset, especially since the company was unethical. Following groups norms is similar to peer pressure in that people are persuaded to do something or behave in a certain way solely because everyone else is doing or behaving in the exact same manner. In this particular documentary, traders followed group norms by being very ruthless. It was noted that due to the competitive atmosphere, people would slit each other’s throats or stomp on each other’s throats in order to get to the top. Additionally, one trader said that he did not ask questions about the unethical practices because nobody else was. Both examples illustrate an overall acceptance of values and standards due to the fact that â€Å"everyone was doing it† or was commonplace behavior. Andrew Fastow who was the CFO of Enron was assigned the role of being in charge of the money and financial aspects of Enron. The movie discusses how Fastow essentially lied to investors by convincing them to put money into the company without really receiving anything of actual value in return. He kept Enron afloat by creating a variety of bogus companies and having investors such as banks place money on them. Additionally, he skimmed money off the top of these accounts to the tune of $45 million. Fastow’s role as CFO gave him access to a lot of money and power. It appears that he was set up as a fall guy in a way since a lot of the crime had to do with the accounting aspect of the business which Fastow was largely in charge of. It can either be said that the role of CFO corrupted Fastow and he perpetrated fraud as a means of fulfilling his greed.

Foregrounding Techniques in the Yellow Dog by Martin Amis Essay Example for Free

Foregrounding Techniques in the Yellow Dog by Martin Amis Essay The second half of the XX century is defined as the Postmodern Era in the development of civilization. It has been singled out into a separate period because of certain changes in human thought, world view and mode of living. The world has changed much since the beginning of the twentieth century – there has occurred a rapid development in contemporary technology which revolutionized our way of thinking. Postmodern literature, like postmodernism as a whole, is hard to define and there is little agreement on the exact characteristics, scope, and importance of postmodern literature. However, unifying features often coincide with Jean-Francois Lyotard’s concept of the ‘meta-narrative’ and ‘little narrative,’ Jacques Derrida’s concept of ‘play,’ and Jean Baudrillard’s ‘simulacra. ’ For example, instead of the modernist quest for meaning in a chaotic world, the postmodern author eschews, often playfully, the possibility of meaning, and the postmodern novel is often a parody of this quest. This distrust of totalizing mechanisms extends even to the author; thus postmodern writers often celebrate chance over craft and employ metafiction to undermine the authors ‘univocal’ control (the control of only one voice). The distinction between high and low culture is also attacked with the employment of pastiche, the combination of multiple cultural elements including subjects and genres not previously deemed fit for literature. A list of postmodern authors often varies; the following are some names of authors often so classified, most of them belonging to the generation born in the interwar period. Her father was a barrister and later a judge; her mother was a former elementary schoolteacher, neurotic and frustrated, angrily unhappy at being a full-time housewife. Both came from working-class families but had studied at Cambridge, and the household was one of books, book talk, and slamming doors. Many comparisons are possible in discussions of these novellas, both comparisons of the novellas to each other and of one or both to other works by A. S. Byatt. The Victorian setting, not paralleled here by a modern setting as it is in Possession, may stimulate discussion of the strengths and shortcomings of [pic]Victorian society and how it compares to modern society. The double voice of postmodern fiction presents a challenge because it requires that we question the way we read and interpret not only postmodern literature but also literature as a whole.

European economic community :: essays research papers

Britain's entry into the European Economic Community was a source of great conflict in Europe. There were suspicions that French President de Gaulle did not want Britain to enter in order to maintain his country's hegemony over the EEC. De Gaulle spoke of the cultural and institutional differences that would make Britain incompatible with the Six. The British governments motives were even questioned as to whether they only wanted to reap the economic benefits of the EEC. The following is my assessment of these situations according to the Salmon documents. Throughout document 23, Prime Minister Macmillan continuously states, " I must remind the house that the EEC is an economic community, not a defense alliance, or a foreign policy community, or a cultural community. It is an economic community,† Although it is clear throughout the document that the British were aware of the wider political agenda of the Six, their main focus was certainly economic benefits. I do think, however, that The United states had a great influence on Britain's desire to join the EEC. In document 23, Prime Minister Macmillan discusses how remaining outside the EEC could cause Britain to lose its influence not only in Europe but in Washington as well. He fears that the U.S. would pay more attention to the issues of the Six rather than Britain. On the other hand, Britain's conditions for entering the union suggest that they are only interested in the economic benefits. Britain wanted the Six to agree that Britain would be free to create their own foreign policy, fulfill their pledge to the EFTA, plan their own economy, and safeguarding of British agriculture. These conditions made me think that Britain still wanted to be their own country and handle their own affairs, but still benefit from the economic situation in the EEC. It seems that deGaulle felt his country's hegemony over the EEC would be threatened if Britain were to enter the EEC. In document 29 a Gaullist minister gives reason for deGaulles veto of Britain's membership saying,† Now, with six members, there is five hens and a rooster. If you join [with other countries], there will perhaps be seven or eights hens. But there will be two roosters. That isn't agreeable,† It is clear that because of Britain's financial status and power that deGaulle feared his country would no longer be the final say in the EEC.

Management Plan

1.1.  Ã‚   Problem Definition: The company has been successful in securing considerable sales of around $5 million per annum. However, the company for some reason has been loosing sales. This problem has been there continuously for the last five years. The issue which our department is facing specifically is that we are making decreasing contributions towards the overall net profitability of the company. For the company, after a certain time, our department will become a parasite if these types of conditions persist. Therefore the company’s top management, such as Carol and others might decide and be adamant to close and/or sell off our department. Though this might yield the company a net loss but closing down our department may offer cutting further losses in future to the company. On the other hand all employees working for and either directly or indirectly associated with this department have their jobs at stake unless the department starts earning! 1.2.  Ã‚   Vision: My department should be designed in a flat hierarchical structure. I would design the job specification of my subordinates in such a way so as to enable them to have the least number of levels to jump to reach me for discussion(s) on any relevant issues. I would encourage the employees through out the department to have themselves integrated not as individuals but as one. This would help in asserting a clear and transparent management of every one on the efforts they contribute to achieve the collective goals of the organization. This will also reveal the issues related to employees regarding the decreasing sales of our department. 1.3.  Ã‚   Mission Statement: â€Å"To provide the best quality cleaning solution to healthcare customers, bundled with the customer service beyond their expectations. To give Value for Money.† 1.4.  Ã‚   Establish goals & objectives: The department needs to and will start generating profits in the near future. For this purpose the first and foremost objective is to develop different models and use of the different available techniques to analyze the existing, past, and potential customers, their demographics, their demand type/frequency and there patterns of purchasing & using our products. The most likely reasons that they shifted from us or reduced there purchases from us. We would also analyze and try to find out what our nearest competitors are offering in comparison to what we offer and what can we potentially offer. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Communicate: 2.1.  Ã‚   Identify stakeholders: The stakeholders in our case include; The employees who are directly or indirectly linked to our department. The top management personnel such as Carol. The customers, the hospitals which account for 85% of our sales. Myself, the newly appointed departmental head. 2.2.  Ã‚   Frame Communication: I as the departmental head would rather suggest an open meeting at the end of each day, similar to that what Japanese do, and I will try to analyze and grasp the grass root of any problem so that it can be cached and cured there n’ then. 2.3.  Ã‚   Plan Communication: I would set the necessary procedures such as enclosed messages or e-mails to inform only my team members for specific department related meeting. This would ensure direct communication with privacy. 2.4.  Ã‚   Communication with stakeholders: All the stakeholders would be informed via a formal channel such as a personalized mail, e-mail and/or a news letter. Since all stakeholders are to be informed there fore we are using such methods so as to actually make a sort of announcement for the meeting. 2.5.  Ã‚   Channels of communications: Where n= the no. people communicating with each other (i.e. 6 in our case) = n (n-1)/2 =6(6-1)/2 = 15 channels of communication 3. Cooperate: 3.1.  Ã‚   Methods of cooperation: The Individual’s Team Contribution The Team’s Performance Behaviors/Process Results (Individual) Behaviors/Process Results (Team) 3.2.  Ã‚   Competition between team members: The competition between the team members is a good approach specially in the case of sales staff. Even other than sales staff, members of the department performing other activities can also compete in terms of their productivity and how much they contribute towards their job i.e. apart from their normal schedule of duties how much do they put in genuine efforts in going beyond what is required for the sake of the company’s overall ‘Good’. 4.Follow Though: 4.1.  Ã‚   WBS: Total proposals required per year= 2000 As per 2-5 there are 6 employees including me, therefore assuming the 5 employees be there; 2000/12= proposals per month = 167 167/5= 33.2 25000/12/5= 417. 4.2.  Ã‚   Accountability: The figures given above are the minimum target that need to be achieved. They form the basic standards and actually serve as the benchmarks for anyone’s’ accountability regarding his/her job.. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Evaluate: 5.1.  Ã‚   Outline of performance: The performance measurement would purely be based on it’s the type of activities being conducted and the results that are being yield as a result of these activities. This includes, for example, comparing revenues, productivity, etc. 5.2.  Ã‚   Performance:Adequate performance was given. However if the performance would have been inadequate than I would scrutinize the Work Breakdown Structure and try sorting out where the problem persists and what caused the performance to be inadequate. 5.3.  Ã‚   Optimistic: If I would have been optimistic with whatever I predicted than I would surely had placed relatively much higher targets than normal ones. This might have led to unachievable targets and hence frustration by the employees causing them to get disturbed and the productivity would have decreased. References Gareth R. Jones, Jennifer M. George & Charles W. L. Hill (2005) Principles of Management.: McGraw-Hill

Bias: Stereotype and People

Living in the world, we face different kinds of people every day, which means we need to communicate with others and make decisions upon others. Naturally, the attitude and method in dealing with diversity becomes a basic skill for people. It is important to know how to communicate and make decisions in a proper way.Facing diverse people and objects, people usually classify them. The advantage people gain from classification is organizing and making things easier to understand. However, when it comes to communication and decision-making, classification may cause some problems. As the name indicates, the topic of the book goes around stereotype, and it provides the readers a better understanding of stereotypes: what the stereotypes are; how stereotypes impact people and business; and what to do when stereotypes happen. It also provides a lot of useful information and skills about how to communicate with people respectfully to gain profit for our business and us.After this book, I real ized that classification becomes stereotype occasionally, and stereotype is a crucial part that makes us failed from communicating and making decisions successfully. Either as a normal person or a businessman, we need to be cautions not to let stereotypes become the reason of making us failing. In a diverse society, the advantage is that we can always get new and different information from those we have already had, but the challenge is how to treat people around us who are different from us equally.People bias naturally, and we all tend to let some of the stereotype come into our communication (Aguilar, 2006). In my opinion, stereotype is the kind of definition that depends on the trend that most people think instead of the truth. It makes all people who have the same characteristic into one group without really knowing about their individualities. Sometimes we stereotype people unknowingly by not taking what we say as stereotypes, and sometimes we think the stereotypes we say are good ones. For example, it is often heard that â€Å" Young people today do not work as hard as the older generation.† And â€Å" European girls are always more beautiful than the girls in other area.† However, any kind of stereotype may turn out to hurt people whether by intention or not.There is research shows that there are increasing chance that negative stereotype could activate the people who are stereotyped to become members of the  stereotyped group (Campbell & Mohr, 2011). After reading the book, I understood that the stereotypes, which people use to help them understand or sort something they do not really know about, may turn our to lead them to the wrong places. In business, the main inefficiency of stereotype is in management, which is always considered to be a barrier that prevents people from making the right decisions. There is research shows that when the perceived positive stereotypes are brought into the forefront of people, the stereotypes can aff ect people by making them do worse on something that they can do better (Killermann).In fact, there are some people we do not know very well that are always stereotyped by us. We tend to judge them by their â€Å"groups†, which seems easier for us to classify them without taking much time to understand who they really are. Especially when facing people with different skin tones, religions and nations, it seems that we will easily get into stereotypes. For example, I used to think and say that African American people are good at sports and Asian people are good in math. When meeting an African American or Asian person, I judge them automatically by the stereotype which was already formed in my mind without knowing much of them.Actually, the African American can be good at math, and the Asian can be really good at sports. In the â€Å"Managing Diversity† lecture, I learned in Foundation of Business, which indicates that everyone is unique and not just a representing a de mographic group. If the same stereotype I just mentioned happens in a company, sometimes it causes problems, because there will be a great possibility that managers will misjudge a person and put them in wrong working places and positions. â€Å"People use stereotypes to make decisions about coworkers, managers and customers with little or no information about the person. A stereotyped person is not seen for who she is and what she can contribute to the business.† (Chinn)The people who are stereotyped will be discouraged because their abilities and talents are covered as well. Both the person who holds the stereotype and the person who is stereotyped will be affected. If you see a group of people the same way, you will miss the individuality of them. It is important to communicate against stereotypes that have a great influence on business. Also, it is necessary to know what to do if things have already gone wrong. There is another important thing in this book—how to m ake up the loss caused by stereotype. The first important thing we need to know is what to do when we realize the mistakes is already  made.Before reading this book, sometimes I could not confront the mistake I made because I felt guilty and shy to make it up. Sometimes I just ignored it, and sometimes I switched to another topic if I found myself saying things wrong. However, I realized that it could only make the situation worse by running away from the mistakes after reading the book. It is the same in business. At first, we should admit the mistake as soon as we realize it, and then find a way to make it up.If we ignore the mistake, both the reputation of the company and customer satisfaction will be influenced. By admitting mistakes in time and finding ways to make up, we sometimes get better result than we think. I had a personal experience of being stereotyped. When I was trying to find a foundation in a cosmetics shop, the shop assistant kept recommending me a color that w as much whiter than my skin color, and it was until I showed my dissatisfaction did the shop assistant apologize to me. She explained that she thought most Asian women like foundations that are whiter than their original skin color, and that was the reason she put on a lot of foundation on my face that I did not like. Then she chose a color in terms of my true skin color instead of what she thought Asian women would like.Actually, I was satisfied with the one she picked for me at last. Even though I was stereotyped, by using a sincere apology, letting me know the reason of her mistake and making the right choice eventually, the shop assistant fixed the problem she made successfully. In this case, if the shop assistant did not admit the stereotype mistake she made, I probably would leave the cosmetic shop and never go back again. Inversely, I think the most important thing she did was to admit she stereotyped me with a sincere attitude. In this way, she gained my understanding and fo rgiveness. It is the same in many stereotype cases as the book Ouch, The Stereotype Hurts mentions.An insincere apology or shifting the blame to your speaker gains nothing for your mistake (Aguilar, 2006). The best way to limit the damage made by stereotype is to admit what you have said and tell people your real thoughts.In order to study and understand better in business, it is necessary to know not only the fixed knowledge that will be taught in class. The skill of communication, which is extremely important for business people, is also a necessity but relatively more difficult to learn, because it requires much experience to comprehend. The book Ouch! That Stereotype Hurts offers a useful guide of some business skills and experience that may not be found in textbooks. From this book, I understood that stereotype does not only have a great impact on our daily communication, the more important negative influence it has is on business. As a student who studies in business major, th is book helped a lot on my major.

Representation of Gender and Sexuality in Media essay

Representation of Gender and Sexuality in Media essay Representation of Gender and Sexuality in Media essay Representation of Gender and Sexuality in Media essayHistorically, media represented gender and sexuality in the way that matched the dominant public view and mirrors the evolution of gender-related biases and stereotypes and views on sexuality.   In the course of time, gender relations and sexuality evolved and changed and all these changes found their reflection in mass media (Bonvillain, 1995, 210). Mass media, in their turn, portrayed gender relations and sexuality according to the dominant cultural view on gender relations and sexuality. This is why it is possible to trace the evolution of those views through the analysis of films, for example, created in different time. At the same time, media have always had a considerable impact on the society, its cultural norms and values, including the development of gender-related biases and stereotypes which were accepted and promoted by media and this trend persists today making mass media a powerful tool that determines, to a signifi cant extent, gender relations and perception as well as representation of sexuality in the modern media and society.Traditionally, media had a considerable impact on the society and socialization of individuals. Today, the impact of mass media has become even more significant because people are always exposed to the impact of mass media. The exposure of individuals to mass media from the early childhood leads to the formation of their worldview under the impact of mass media.The impact of media on individuals is significant because individuals develop their ethic values, norms and standards of behaviour as well as their worldview through learning from their social environment and their social experience. Mass media shape the system of values of individuals because they communicate key values and norms of the mainstream culture to the audience. As a result, individuals exposed to the impact of mass media from the early childhood acquire cultural norms’ and values promoted by m ass media.At the same time, cultural norms and values promoted by mass media and imposed by them on people may not always be obvious as is the case of gender-related biases and stereotypes or views on sexuality. In this regard, it is possible to refer to the case of women, who were traditionally perceived as sexual objects and were respectively portrayed by media (Storey, 2001, 114). In the past, women were traditionally discriminated by the male-dominated society. They performed secondary part in the life of the society and media revealed their inferior, secondary position in the society.Researchers (Basile, 2004, 182) have developed the concept of â€Å"male gaze† in regard to mass media. This concept implies the depiction of women in films and other media from the male perspective. This is why female performers in media and films emphasized their sexuality. In fact, this trend persists today as well. The depiction of women as objects and emphasis on their sexuality leads n ot only to the development of respective gender-related biases and stereotypes but also to the discrimination of women working in the media industry (Basile, 2004, 182). For instance, women that did not match commonly accepted standards of female beauty, which were, by the way, grounded on the male view on women, could not find a job in the media industry or their career opportunities were much worse compared to women that matched the commonly accepted standard of female beauty and sexuality. Moreover, many female performers, including contemporary one, exploited and keep exploiting their sexuality and femininity to create a sexually appealing female image or character that will contribute to the enhancement of their personal brand. As a result, they can increase their earnings and improve their social standing exploiting their sexuality.Moreover, Sanjay Newton insists that male view and male ideology dominates in mass media, including Disney films, while the objectification of wome n is a norm (Newton, 2007). As a result, gender inequality emerges as women are depicted as objects that serve to pleasure men. However, such gender representation is discriminatory. In fact, Disney films and characters, like Disney princesses are manifestation of gender discrimination and objectification of women (Disney and Sexism, 2011).In the past, the male domination in the society was more obvious and could be easily traced in mass media portraying women as housewives and mothers above all (Arriaga Foshee, 2004, 199). However, the rise of feminism contributed to the change of portraying women in mass media. Feminism has opened the way to a different, non-male-dominated view on women. Instead, feminism promoted the idea of the oppression of women by men, against which women should rebel. Such rebellion involved the growing demand to mass media to change the conventional depiction of media. Many female directors have started to show feminist films. Mass media have increased the ir attention to problems of women. As a result, the rise of feminism contributed to the steady change of the public opinion and the attitude of the public to women and their role in the society.Nevertheless, the gender inequality and biased attitude to women still persists (Hardisty, 1999, 124). Women are still discriminated but such discrimination is not so obvious and strong as it used to be in the past. For instance, contemporary mass media still tend to the biased representation of women as housewives, as is the case of many sitcoms. But such biased representation is not as frequent and strong as it used to be several decades ago.On the other hand, the emergence of feminism still contributed to the change of gender-related stereotypes and respective changes in the depiction of women by mass media. Today, mass media attempt to be more tolerant in relation to women and depict them as equal to men. Mass media contributed to the steady change of the public perception of gender roles and sexuality.However, the male gaze or its elements still persist because female sexuality is still intentionally emphasized in the contemporary mass media. Moreover, some industries, like porn industry, still stand on the ground of male chauvinism. In such a way, mass media are still vulnerable to the impact of biases, stereotypes and prejudices of the male dominated society that still affect mass media.At the same time, today, the new problem has emerged, the problem of the depiction of sexual minorities by mass media. Similarly to women, they were discriminated and often misrepresented by mass media. But, in the course of time, the trend to the wider representation of sexual minorities in mass media has grown stronger and today they comprise a part of the general media coverage in terms of gender relations and sexuality. In this regard, Judith Butler (Hartley, 2011) supports the idea of the violation of rights and abuse of representatives of sexual minorities along with their u nder-representation in mass media. As a result, gender relations and perception of gender in the modern society does not admit the homosexuality as a norm but the society perceives it rather as a challenge to social norms.Thus, the development of mass media mirrored changes that occurred in gender relations and perception of sexuality by the society. The discrimination and misrepresentation of women as weak objects with the explicit emphasis on their sexuality have started to disappear along with the rise of feminism. Feminism contributed to the change of the public image of women and stimulated the change of the role of women in the society. However, mass media just mirrored profound social changes that took place and changed gender relations in the society.

Daspletosaurus - Facts and Figures

Daspletosaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Daspletosaurus (Greek for frightful lizard); pronounced dah-SPLEE-toe-SORE-us Habitat: Swamps of North America Historical Period: Late Cretaceous (75-70 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 30 feet long and three tons Diet: Herbivorous dinosaurs Distinguishing Characteristics: Massive head with numerous teeth; stunted arms About Daspletosaurus Daspletosaurus is one of those dinosaur names that sounds better in English translation than in the original Greekfrightening lizard is both scarier and more pronounceable! Other than its position near the top of the late Cretaceous food chain, theres not much to say about this tyrannosaur: like its close relative, Tyrannosaurus Rex, Daspletosaurus combined a massive head, a muscular body, and many, many sharp, pointy teeth with a ravenous appetite and puny, comical-looking arms. Its likely that this genus included a number of similar-looking species, not all of which have been discovered and/or described. Daspletosaurus has a complicated taxonomic history. When the type fossil of this dinosaur was discovered in Canadas Alberta Province in 1921, it was assigned as a species of another tyrannosaur genus, Gorgosaurus. There it languished for almost 50 years, until another paleontologist took a closer look and promoted Daspletosaurus to genus status. A few decades later, a second putative Daspletosaurus specimen wound up being assigned to yet a third tyrannosaur genus, Albertosaurus. And while all this was going on, the maverick fossil-hunter Jack Horner suggested that a third Daspletosaurus fossil was actually a transitional form between Daspletosaurus and T. Rex! Dale Russell, the paleontologist who assigned Daspletosaurus to its own genus, had an interesting theory: he proposed that this dinosaur coexisted with Gorgosaurus in the plains and woodlands of late Cretaceous North America, Gorgosaurus preying on duck-billed dinosaurs and Daspletosaurus preying on ceratopsians, or horned, frilled dinosaurs. Unfortunately, it now seems that the territory of these two tyrannosaurs did not overlap to the extent Russell believed, Gorgosaurus being largely restricted to northern regions and Daspletosaurus inhabiting southern regions.

Managing People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing People - Essay Example In the context of the Morgans Hotel Group which makes use of the bureaucratic organisational structure that does not provide the opportunity of incorporate changes within the organisation’s structure along with its strategies and systems and also it does not practice the performance appraisal system among the employees (Morgans Group LLC, 2012). Performance appraisal is one of the crucial approaches which facilities to accomplish the individual’s job performance and to enhance productivity that would benefit Morgans to increase its efficiency in the work process. It would enable Morgans to assess the positive aspects of an employee’s performance over a certain period of time and also to analyse the areas the employee requires to improve. It would facilitate Morgans to increase its customer loyalty and its brand recognition, resulting in its profit maximisation. In the service industry in which Morgans operates, customer satisfaction is one of the prime attributes which it needs to meet on a regular basis. This aspect can only be attained by happy and contented employees of the organisation and their contentment can be largely ensured with the help of a well-documented performance appraisal and up-to-date job description (Pettijohn & et. al., 2001). Thus, the absence of such mechanisms and structures can impede Morgans Hotel Group from leveraging complete benefits out of their employees which would certainly create hindrance for it to maintain sustainability. Part 2 Alternative Models of Leadership in the Organisation Level Situational Leadership Model The situational leadership model essentially mentions about the leadership method that takes place according to the circumstances faced by the organisations. According to the developers of situational leadership model Ken Blanchard along with Paul Hersey, situational leadership is based on relationship among certain variables such as, The task behaviour of a leader involves the communication l evel of clarifying the detailed information about the work and with an estimated time as well as the working procedures for the task to every individual or group in the organisation. In the similar context, the relationship behaviour of a leader incorporates providing socio-emotional sustainability to the employees by human motivational actions, such as appreciation, reward and recognition among others. Moreover, readiness of an individual or a group signifies the ability to acquire the responsibilities of self directing and working independently in terms of a particular task (Watkins, n. d.). However, the situational model of leadership style entails the directive parts of task behaviour which is an important part for Morgans to explain the works that are to be done by its employees. The socio-emotional factors necessitate the various motivational skills that a leader or a manager of Morgans Hotel Group is required to practice in order to increase the willingness regarding their sp ecific tasks. Participative Leadership Style The model brings about the effects of the values of the opinions or the ideas from each individual of