Mcbride Financial Services Marketing Plan free essay sample

The firm will have some expertise in ordinary, FHA, and VA credits for home buying and renegotiating. The organization expects to extend its tasks into Wyoming, Montana, North Dakota and South Dakota. We will compose a custom article test on Mcbride Financial Services Marketing Plan or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page † (McBride Financial Services site, 2003) According to their intranet site, McBride’s target showcase is: 1. Experts buying either an essential or optional habitation. 2. Retirees buying an essential or optional living arrangement. 3. Families as well as people buying recreational properties. This report will survey McBride Financial Services’ existing advertising approach and offer recommendations for centering statistical surveying and what kinds of media to utilize. Moreover a survey will be made of McBride’s target market and how the current technique identifies with the showcasing standards of the 4Ps and SIVA. Target Market McBride’s target showcase is experts and retirees buying an essential of auxiliary living arrangement just as people or families hoping to buy recreational properties. They administration the accompanying states: Idaho, Wyoming, Montana and North and South Dakota. What's more, McBride is concentrating on utilizing cutting edge innovation so as to have the option to offer their ease contract administrations which implies that the objective market should likewise be willing and ready to direct are huge bit of the home loan application exchange utilizing electronic methods, I. e. Web and email. Media types McBride’s current showcasing plan, as recorded on their intranet site, incorporates the utilization of the accompanying media types: restricted TV advertisements, papers, radio and real estate agents notwithstanding enlightening presents accessible at air terminals and significant vacation spots. McBride’s yearly promoting spending plan is $80,000. Given that McBride uses innovation to decrease the expense of the home loan application process, it is astounding that the current promoting plan does exclude a web based publicizing procedure. 4Ps The 4Ps are item, value, advancement and spot. McBride’s item is ease traditional, FHA and VA contracts. The cost for a credit report, the home loan application, an investigation and examination is fixed at $1,500. Advancements are made through the previously mentioned media sorts of TV, radio, papers and real estate agents and through educational freebees at the air terminals and at vacation destinations. The arrangement for the application procedure is by means of McBride’s site. Advertising Strategy The SIVA showcasing system is characterized as arrangement, data, worth and access. As indicated by Dev and Schultz (2005) this way to deal with showcasing begins with understanding the market and the clients dependent on evident and profound client bits of knowledge and afterward distinguish and explain what customer’s esteem. Statistical surveying should be centered around distinguishing customer’s center needs and needs from a home loan bank so that focused offers can be made. McBride needs to modify or change their administrations to line up with the promoting research results. Moreover, McBride needs to concentrate on picking up understanding from existing clients with regards to how to improve their administrations just as conceivably tapping that client base for referral, maybe by making a motivator for existing customer’s to get new customers. Put another way, the statistical surveying ought to examine McBride’s target market of experts, retirees, people and families to make an answer (S) in view of what those customer’s esteem. That arrangement can thusly be utilized to make numerous focused on offers (I) featuring how McBride’s administrations address the requirements and needs of their clients. McBride then conveys on the offer as dictated by client needs and needs picked up in the examination (V). The worth is estimated through both statistical surveying on likely clients and through input circles from existing customer’s so arrangements can ceaselessly advance to more readily address the issues of the objective markets.

Human Rights Essay

The issue in regards to human rights’ infringement got unmistakable just because after the Second World War. After the war the establishment of the United Nations went about as a force towards the underlying advancement of the system with respect to the Human Rights. From the start the wrongdoings submitted by the Nazi system in its involved nations had been in center. Before that there have just been some restricted endeavors made with respect to denying global slave exchange and normalizing working conditions. The underlying endeavors made in such manner were as announcement. Further advancement was made in 1946 when the ECOSOC set up a Commission on Human Rights and later a Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights was framed. (Rittberger and Zangl, 2006) This was the start of the UN Human Rights system. This paper will examine the rise and advancement of the UN Human Rights Regime. The paper will likewise examine the general execution of the UN Human Rights program during the most recent 60 years, its accomplishments and disappointments, advantages and disadvantages just as given a knowledge about the future possibilities of the Human Rights system in the 21st century. UN Human Rights Regime: The UN General Assembly received the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. This was the premise and establishment of the system later created for the insurance of human rights in later years. Since it was an underlying exertion the Universal Declaration was a non-restricting revelation, which implies that non of the individuals from the United Nations were legitimately limited, neither anyone of the United Nations has been given the lawful right to bound, judge or authorization any lawful activity against the individuals from the United States. In any case, in the event that any state abuses human rights, at that point its activity will never again be viewed as an interior issue and it could be brought to the plan of the chief organs of the UN. As such the sway of the states over their residents was limited and the head of non-impedance in household issues was not as substantial as it has been before. (Rittberger and Zangl, 2006) Since the Declaration was non-authoritative, consequently there was no lawful system, which could be upheld upon the part states around then. In this sense the Human Rights system was not appropriately utilitarian since it has no lawful authority over sovereign states. After the appropriation of the announcement the subsequent stage was the advancement of lawfully restricting structure and codification of the human rights. It took very nearly 18 years for the part countries to concede to the International Covenant of Civil and Political rights and International Covenant of Economic, Social and Cultural rights, as they were officially received by the UN General gathering in 1966. Be that as it may, basic endorsement by the General Assembly was insufficient, as the legitimate authoritative of these two codifications will happen just when an adequate number of part states have sanctioned the codifications from their separate places of legislatives. This likewise took over 10 years lastly in 1976 the two pledges were approved by adequate number of states. In the following 30 years the quantity of nations, which have sanctioned the agreement has reached to 154 for the first and 151 for the subsequent contract. (Rittberger and Zangl, 2006) In 1993 the primary UN High Commissioner for Human Rights was designated. The High Commissioner is delegated by the Secretary General He is answerable for working with all degree of governments universally so as to accomplish the goal of ensuring human rights over the globe. From a more extensive perspective the High Commissioner has the duty to energize and safeguard the human rights whether they are thoughtful, political, financial, social or social. (Joined Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Office of the (OHCR), 2009) The United Nations human rights system comprises of a few bodies and projects like the Commission on Human Rights, the Sub-Commission on Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, just as a few arrangement observing bodies like Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights, Human Rights Committee, Committee against torment, Committee on the end of racial segregation, Committee on the disposal of victimization ladies, and Committee on the privileges of the Child. Every one of these panels just as the Commission of Human Rights and the Sub-Commission to Promote and Protect Human Rights are the auxiliaries of the UN General Assembly. There are likewise a few Country and Thematic Special Rapporteurs, and working gatherings which work under the Commission of Human Rights. Another significant organ of the Human Rights system is the International Court of Justice. The period of the UNCHR can be isolated into to parts, the first from its establishment to 1966 and the second from 1966 to 2006, when at long last it was resigned. During the initial 20 years the UNCHR principle tasks were to draft the guidelines and set up various worldwide human rights instruments. During this period the UNCHR abstained from making judgment or charges against any conditions, which were viewed as carefully household issues of that state, except if the Security Council esteemed it as danger to harmony when the issue approaches on the Security Councils plan. During this period the Commission didn't legitimately managed human rights’ whines. Starting with 1967 the UNCHR started to set up itself as a legitimate body and was approved to manage and examine human rights infringement and screen consistence of universal human rights law by the states. Later on the Commission expanded its area to monetary, social and social rights moreover. (Human Rights, 2009) The speculation and unclearness of the articles with respect to human rights in the UN sanction and the opposing translation of these articles by numerous states has for all intents and purposes banned the UN to make any successful move in such manner. The equivalent is the situation of a large portion of UN organs, which have the obligation to screen human rights maltreatment in the part states. There has been a general analysis on the adequacy of the UNCHR and its auxiliaries. The principle reason of the ineffectualness was a direct result of the nonappearance of supranational position, disruptive force legislative issues, and inconvenience of devastating by part states, which has tormented the capacity of quick and viable UN activities with regards to human rights. (Human Rights, 2009) There are numerous cases wherein significant world powers purposely upset the endeavors made by the UN so as to secure their own political advantages. In addition the real duty of advancing and securing human rights rests in General Assembly and its auxiliary organs as referenced previously. Amusingly neither the General Assembly nor its auxiliaries have any legitimate approval over the part states. The main UN organ with this authority is the UN Security Council, which isn't the most alluring and full of feeling stage to illuminate human rights issues. This is on the grounds that numerous perpetual Security Council individuals like Russia and China have the most exceedingly awful human rights advancement or assurance record and are generally blamed off human rights maltreatment inside their locale. In this manner it is exceptionally impossible that they will permit the Security Council to pass any goals against their or their partners advantages. Restriction by China and Russia forestalling the Security Council to make a move against Serbian oppression of Albanians is a model. (Human Rights, 2009) On the opposite Security Council is once in a while charged off being controlled by the world forces to seek after their own political plan paying little mind to the human rights condition regarding the matter states. Held, McGrew, Goldblatt &Perraton, 2006) There have been numerous situations where the human rights infringement were intentionally overlooked by the political forces like in Sudan, where the Arab state army practically obliterated the ethnic African populace, or in Chechnya, where the Western nations didn't set out to mediate expecting that it will goad Russia, or in Tibet, where China is answerable for supposed human rights infringement like annihilation, racial se gregation and so forth. Since all the subject states in these circumstances either have direct impact in the Security Council as Veto force or they are close partners with the individuals who have it is close to unthinkable in the present conditions that they will be considered answerable for the human rights infringement they have submitted in the previously mentioned locales. Another significant piece of the Human Rights system are the NGOs. Numerous worldwide human rights NGOs like the Human Rights Watch, the Amnesty International and so on has worked admirably in featuring and presenting a few human rights infringement over the globe. These NGOs have a momentous capacity of informal communication with their local partners in the subject state and with the assistance of these household developments and NGOs they not just uncover covered up or hid human rights infringement rehearsed by numerous tyrant systems in the district, yet they have likewise help to stigmatize, deride and dishonor such governments and state among the majority, in this manner making hard for them to proceed with their practices. The New Developments in the 21st Century: The 21st century began with worldwide occasions like the 9/11 which altogether changed the situation and the conditions wherein the Human Rights Regime as to work. During the War against dread the United States and her partners put aside all the worldwide human rights laws and denied to give the prisoners they have found during the Afghan war the privileges of confined military work force as per the Geneva show. They put them in a segregated office in the Guantanamo Bay and banished them from any legitimate guide or appropriate hearing the courts. They were likewise purportedly tormented to the most noticeably terrible degree. The equivalent happened when the U. S drove alliance toppled Saddam and establi

A Monday in the Life

A Monday in the Life Hello, world. It’s been awhile. Mostly because I’ve been swamped. Its been a pset, sleep, blog â€"â€" pick two kind of time, so instead of writing about my life, Ill do a little show-and-tell. Half of getting anything done is really just remembering to actually do it, and I sometimes dont ever get past the recall part, so I decided to outsource that responsibility to an app called  Todoist. A pen and paper could achieve the same functionality as this fancy to-do list, but does a pen and paper have a dark theme option and emoji support?? I dont think so. Here’s a snapshot of what I’ve been doing instead of blogging. neet.mit.edu cbmm.mit.edu/research buzzfeed.com/farrahpenn/what-percent-compatible-are-you-with-peter-kavinsky-from-to mitrecsports.com/join/member-amenities ghc.anitab.org youtu.be/IFA_0xirw3s spanishdict.com/guide/impersonal-expressions-with-the-subjunctive we18.swe.org yelp.com/biz/yume-ga-arukara-cambridge-2 translate.google.com Full disclosure: I did go through my lists and beautify / add emojis to them because many of the original bullets were written in the acronym-filled gibberish of notes to self. And with that, I will try to get those 7 hours of sleep and check that one off the list! Goodnight, friends. Post Tagged #ballroom #grace hopper #help school is hard #jobs #NEET #spanish #UROP

Comparison and Contrast Essay Between Two Poems of Emily...

Comparison and Contrast Essay between two Poems of Emily Dickinson and Mary Oliver Emily Elizabeth Dickinson, or called Emily Dickinson for short (1830 – 1886) and Mary Oliver (1935), are the two poets who contributed great works of art to American society during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. In spite of several characteristics that can be found in both Emily Dickinson and Mary Oliver poems, there are undeniably things that distinguish them from one another, although outside both are very famous poets of the poems that they wrote at that time, but actually inside, every poem that they bring the reader has a different meaning and quite deep in reader hearts. For example, as we read the poem â€Å"Alligator Poem† by Mary†¦show more content†¦(Write something about Famous Works of Emily Dickinson). In the poem â€Å"Aligator Poem† in â€Å"New and Selected Poems – Volumne One† of Mary Oliver, personification method is a main method that she used the most to write this poem. As you read the whole poem, you can clearly see the bird that she wants to talk about is standing in the tops of the trees, whistling any warning, crashing toward to her, its tail failing, slashing the grass, its cradle - shaped mouth gaping, then rimming with teeth,... these actions are not the actions of a bird, these are human actions, she used personification to pretend the bird is a person, or a friend, she pretended that she was walking on the street and saw the bird, but she thought that bird is not a normal bird because she could see its eye was trying to tell her something. And of course she couldnt understand bird language, or the bird couldnt tell her what is going on with her in human language. So the only way that the bird could do is action, I do agree that human cannot un derstand the birds language, but I do surely agree that human can understand the bird action. Then finally she did understand what the bird was trying to tell her, she understood that something is really bad will happen to her in the future. And yes, she fell, but thanks to

Advice style answer on tort of negligence - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1944 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Level High school Tags: Advice Essay Tort Essay Did you like this example? Tort of Negligence The word tort is derived from the French word meaning wrong. A tort in the modern law refers to an approach which is a civil wrong. The tort of Negligence protects person, assets and financial interest from damage caused by a person not taking reasonable care. Application of Law 1. In the first question, Barack has failed to take all necessary steps while selling the ladder to Alfonse son of Theo-Paul. So this makes the case for tort of negligence. Theo-Paul, who is injured after using the ladder according to the instructions given, has to prove the following crucial fundamentals. a. A Duty of care b. A breach of the duty of care c. Damages in order to make Barack liable for trot of negligence. We keep aside the amount of Damages as of now. A Duty of Care is the duty owed by one person to another because of the relationship between them which might cause injury. Duty in this condition is a responsibility, accepted by law, to obey the rule s to a particular model of conduct for the safety of others against unreasonable risk. The first stage was to ascertain whether there was adequate relationship of neighbourhood or proximity between the claimant Barack Theo-Paul. The neighbour principle is the spine of duty of care, but in the following years the courts have developed more difficult tests. Modern Law of Torts was laid down by Justice Atkins in the most famous case of Donoghue v Stevenson in 1932. (Latimer, 2014, p. 227)The case raised a distress about the consumers rights to claim related to the damage caused by the use of the product.The judgment of this case puts the additional responsibility on the manufacturer of any product that needs out of the ordinary care. A duty of care was establish to be owed by a producer to an end-user, for carelessness in the manufacturing of his goods. Here Barack has failed as a supplier to take the additional responsibility before selling to Alfonse. We can determine this case makes Negligence a key area of Torts. The second issue the courts will take into account to ascertain negligence is breach of duty. This is normally known as the reasonable man test, and simply asks whether the Barack has done something a sensible person would not have done, or failed to do something that a sensible person would not have. The court will decide if there is a breach, it will look at the probability of harm, in Bolton v Stone 1951 UKHL 2 (Latimer, 2014, p. 248) the court decided in this case, that the risk of someone getting hurt on the road was so little. The seriousness of harm (Paris v Stepney Borough Council 1950 UKHL 3) (Latimer, 2014, p. 248) the court decided that Stepney Borough Council was conscious of his unusual conditions and failed in their  duty of care  to give him protecting goggles and steps to avoid the risk of harm (Latimer v AEC Ltd) , the court dismissed the appeal of Latimer as he could not prove that a reasonable employer could shut the factory because of the risks involved in working were very high in given the circumstances. Lastly, In order to succeed normally in an action for negligence the Theo-Paul must satisfy the rules of causation. Causation is bothered with whether, as a matter of truth, the breach caused the damage. It is called as but for test. In the case of Cork v Kirby Mclean Ltd (Latimer, 2014, p. 253)the court has ruled that the employees death was caused by the fault of both employee and employer. Remoteness of injury must be pleased. The study of the Privy Council is that a person is only accountable for the consequences that could sensibly have been anticipated. The Privy Council altered this test with the following case ofOverseas Tankship Ltd v Morts Dock Enginerring Co. (Latimer, 2014, p. 256). Barack has failed to anticipate that an injury may occur, if the arms broke off, because he hasnt taken the necessary quality checks before selling to Alfonse son of Theo-Paul. Under The Civil liabilit y Act 2002 NSW SECT 5B (1) A person is not careless in failing to take safety measures against a risk of  harm  unless: the risk was anticipated, was not important and in the conditions, a sensible person in the persons position would have taken those safety measures. Under this section Barack as a supplier has failed to anticipate the risk involved in it. SECT 5B (2) in determining whether a sensible person would have taken safety measures against a risk of  harm, the court is to consider the following; the likelihood of harm, gravity of harm, burned of taking safety measures to prevent the harm. Conclusion: By applying the judgements from the above cases Barack has failed the basic fundamentals A. Duty of care B. A breach of the duty of care C. Damages, he is supposed to take while buying the ladders from Joe a passing wholesale vendor, whose details are recorded by Barack and selling the ladder to Alfonse without checking its quality standards and strength. Theo-Paul has used the ladder accordingly to the instructions. The manufacturing defect has caused both the spreader arms broke off the frame of the ladder due to which Paul has suffered a serious brain injury. So Theo-Paul can sue Barack for tort of negligence. 2. Australian Consumer Law (ACL) commenced on 1 January 2011 National Consumer Law which applies to all the states and territories. The ACL replaced provisions in 20 national, State and Territory consumer laws. The ACL is administered and enforced by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC). (australian consumer law, 2011) Application of Law: The-Paul can take action under Australian Consumer Law Pt 3-5 against Barack. Under this law manufacture is liable for goods with safety defects if, an individual is hurt or died because of the safety defect (ACL s 138) (Latimer, 2014, p. 528). A manufacture is more than a producer of goods. It includes assembler, brander, and importer (ACL s 7) (Latimer, 2014, p. 529)in th is case Barack is brander because he has purchased the ladder from an unknown person whom he never met before and it doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have any brand. In addition, a business is said to be manufacture of the goods if it is an own brander. The ACL say that if a manufacture is unidentified after 30 days each supplier which did not respond to the request is said to a manufacture of that good (s147(2)) (Latimer, 2014, p. 529). As Barack doesnt have the details of Joe, so has is liable for the injury caused to Paul. Safety defective goods: Goods have a safety defect when their safety is not such as a persons generally are entitled to expect (s 9: safety defective goods) (Latimer, 2014, p. 529). Possible safety defects in the goods include design defects, manufacturing defects, and instructions defects. Here Paul has used the ladder as per the instructions, even though, the spreader arms of the ladder has come off, so the ladder has a manufacturing defect. Manufacturers li ability for defective goods: ACL Pt 3-5 imposes liability for supplying defective goods to an individual. Legal action for safety of defective goods must be started by the person injured within three years of being aware of loss, the safety defect and the identity of the manufacture (ACL s 143(1)) Consumer guarantee that the goods are of acceptable quality (ACL s 54) (Latimer, 2014, p. 503) under this the supplier including the hirers and lessors must guarantee that the goods are of standard quality, if not the end user can sue the supplier and/ or the manufacturer. So Barack has failed to test the quality standards of the ladder before purchasing from Joe an unknown person and before selling to Alfonse. Conclusion: Under the Australian Consumer Law Pt 3-5 Theo-Paul can take action against Barack as the ladder he sold was defective good. Even though he is not the manufacture he is liable for the good, as the identity of Joe is unknown. Barack has a 30 day time to find the Manu facture (Joe), which is very less. So this makes Barack as a manufacture and Paul can initiate action against Barack for the injury caused to him. 3. The remedy in tort is a grant of Damages, to provide compensation for the harm suffered by the applicant. Damages award in tort to put the applicant in the position in which applicant would have been if the negligence had not been committed. It includes as allowance for expenditure incurred in relying on defendant behaviour. The damages in personal injury involve compensation for pecuniary (monetary) and non pecuniary loss. In case Theo-Paul has suffered both pecuniary and non pecuniary loss. At the time of the injury he was 45years old and was earning $400,000 per year and was an active sportsman. Due to the injury he suffers extreme migraine unless he is sedated. Under the Civil Liability Act 2002 of NSW in reply to trot limit the compensation by restricting awards for damages for personal injuries caused by negligence. This ac t provides a statutory cap for damages for non economic loss in NSW is $551,500 (s 17) for his pain, suffering of amenities of life. So Paul can claim up to $551,500 under this act for his non economic loss. For his loss of earnings under the Civil Liability Act 2002 of NSW s12(2). This section applies to award damages for past and economics loss due to loss of earnings or the deprivation or impairment of earning capacity In the case of any such  award, the court is to disregard the amount (if any) by which the  claimant s gross weekly earnings would (but for the  injury  or death) have exceeded an amount that is 3 times the amount of average weekly earnings at the date of the  award. Paul can get a maximum of 3X the average weekly earnings. Under Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth) pt VIB (s 87M) (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2010) the maximum amount of damage for non economic loss is during the year in which this Part commences (b)during a later ye arthe amount worked out. s 87U Personal injury damages for loss of earning capacity. A court must disregard the amount by which the  plaintiffs gross weekly earnings during any  quarter  would (but for the  personal injury  or death in question) have exceeded. s 87V the average weekly earnings for the quarter means the amount published by the Australian Statistician (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2010) Conclusion: According to the above law Paul can claim up to $551,500 for his non economic loss, even though he is earning a $400,000 annually. It is an act of negligence, not intentional. 4. The reasons for the Australian caps on damage are because of ones negligence and it is not an intentional. The claims for personal injuries under the common law of negligence have now been limited by the Civil Liability Act which is passed in 2002-03. The damages awarded for personal injuries were becoming too high. Damages were continuing to rise, so was the cost of liability insurance. The Civil liability Act promotes personal responsibility, that you are responsible for your own acts of negligence. In the Ipp report submitted by the federal government, it has recommended a single statute with a name like Civil Liability Act which would apply to any claims for damages for personal or death caused by negligence. The effect of Civil Liability Act is showing a change drop in the number of new cases and insurance premiums. Bibliography (2010). Retrieved may 22, 2015, from Australasian Legal Information Institute: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/caca2010265/ australian consumer law. (2011, January). Retrieved May 2015, from https://consumerlaw.gov.au/content/Content.aspx?doc=fact_sheets/FAQ.htm Latimer, P. (2014). Australian business law. CCH Australia Limited. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Advice style answer on tort of negligence" essay for you Create order

Community Sharing One Skin Free Essays

The Okanagan people, also spelled Okanogan, are a First Nations and Native American people whose traditional territory spans the U. S. -Canada boundary in Washington state and British Columbia. We will write a custom essay sample on Community: Sharing One Skin or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Wiki, 2011) Known in their own language as the Syilx, they are part of the Interior Salish ethnological and linguistic groupings, the Okanagan are closely related to the Spokan, Sinixt, Nez Perce, Pend Oreille, Shuswap and Nlaka’pamux peoples in the same region. Wiki, 2011) When the Oregon Treaty partitioned the Pacific Northwest in 1846, the portion of the tribe remaining in what became Washington Territory reorganized under Chief Tonasket as a separate group from the majority of the Okanagans, whose communities remain in Canada. (Wiki, 2011) The Okanagan Tribal Alliance, however, also incorporates the American branch of the Okanagans, who are part of the Confederated Tribes of the Colville, a multi-tribal government in Washington State. Wiki, 2011) The bounds of Okanagan territory are roughly the Basin of Okanagan Lake and the Okanagan River, plus the basin of the Similkameen River to the west of the Okanagan valley, and some of the uppermost valley of the Nicola River. (Wiki, 2011) The various Okanagan communities in British Columbia and Washington form the Okanagan Nation Alliance, a border-spanning organization which includes American-side Okanogans resident in the Colville Indian Reservation, where the Okanagan people are sometimes known as Colvilles. Wiki, 2011) A group of Okanagan people in the Nicola Valley, which is at the northwestern perimeter of Okanagan territory, are known in their dialect as the Spaxomin, and are joint members in a historic alliance with neighboring communities of the Nlaka’pamux in the region known as the Nicola Country, which is named after the 19th Century chief who founded the alliance, Nicola. (Wiki, 2011) This alliance today is manifested in the Nicola Tribal Association. As in the reading, you can imagine how spiritual and well-being play a huge role in their culture. Every word in their ulture has a very important meaning for their way of life. Jeannette Armstrong refers to her culture and the word â€Å"Okanagan† in a lot of deep and emotional depth. Armstrong explains the word Okanagan comes from a whole understanding of what they are as human beings. They can identify each other through that word in their interaction, prayer, and they identify there selves as human as well, different from birds trees and animals. The first part of the word refers to the physical realm. The second part of the word refers to the dream or the dream state, but Okanagan doesn’t precisely mean â€Å"dream. It actually means â€Å"the unseen part of our existence as human beings. † They are dream memory and imagination. The third part of the word means that if you take a number of strands, hair, or twine, place them together and then rub your hands and bind them together, they become one strand. Use this thought symbolically when you make a rope, twine, or weave a basket. They are tied into a part of everything. â€Å"I know my position and my responsibilities for that specific location and geographic area, which is how I introduce myself. The Okanagan people identify there selves as four main capacities that operate together: the physical self, the emotional self, the thinking-intellectual self, and the spiritual self. The Okanagan people teach that each person is born into a family and a community. No person is born isolated from those two things. As an Okanagan you are automatically accepted. You belong. You are them. Wouldn’t this be nice in our current society here in the U. S. The Okanagan refer to relationships with others using a word that means â€Å"our one skin. This means that they share more than a place; they share a physical tie that is uniquely human, that the many that became before the Okanagan and the many ahead of the Okanagan share their flesh. Community comes first, then family and finally the individual. This is interesting to me. Do you think we as a population have this line of thinking? I would have to say a big percent of us think of ourselves in this society. Indigenous people, not long removed from their cooperative, self-sustaining lifestyles on their lands do not survive well in this atmosphere of aggression and dispassion. The Okanagan word they have for extended family is translated as â€Å"sharing one skin. † The concept refers to blood ties within community and extends the instinct to protect our individual selves to all who share the same skin. Armstrong knows how powerful the solidarity is of peoples bound together by land, blood, and love. This is the largest threat to interests wanting to secure control of lands and resources that have been passed on in a healthy condition from generation to generation of families. Armstrong goes on to saying she is pessimistic about changes happening; the increase of crimes, worldwide disasters, total anarchy, and the possible increase of stateless oligarchies; borders are disappearing, and true sustainable economies are crumbling. However, she has learned that crisis can help build community so that it can face the crisis itself. Since time immemorial, the history of the Okanagan began, long before the arrival of the Europeans. They are the Syilx-speaking people – the original inhabitants of a vast and beautiful territory that encompasses forests, grasslands, lakes and desert. For thousands of years, the Okanagan people were self-reliant and well provided for through their own ingenuity and use of the land and nature. They lived united as a nation with a whole economy, travelling the breadth and depth of their territory, hunting and fishing, growing and harvesting, crafting and trading to meet their needs. Since reading this chapter of the Okanagan people, I have learned a lot about these very fascinating people. I also believe if every culture was like the Okanagan people, our planet would be a much peaceful, spiritual, and well respected place. How to cite Community: Sharing One Skin, Papers

Driving Under the Influence free essay sample

Running head: Driving While Intoxicated Driving While Intoxicated SIM American University-Online Instructor Paul Jake Table of Contents Abstract3 Driving While Intoxicated4 DWI Offenders5 Statistics5 Type of Crime7 Identifying8 Facts and Myths9 Sanctions and Counter Measures10 Current Sentencing11 Cost12 Court14 Current Preventions15 Proposed Solutions15 Conclusion17 References19 Abstract The objective of the research paper is to discuss the impact that driving while impaired by alcohol (DWI) plays in alcohol-related crashes/arrest and how to reduce alcohol-crash involvements. The paper will define drunken driving, statistics of drunk driving, classification, myths and facts, who are the drunk offenders, how to identify a drunk driver and recommendations. Driving While Intoxicated Daily there are individuals who are occupants of a motor-vehicle where we are the driver or the passenger, however wherever we are seated in the vehicle we must be alert to the continual change around us. The driver, however, is responsible for the safety of the individuals occupying the motor-vehicle. Driving requires a variety of skills, so the driver must be alert and able to react to hazards. The driver must be able to see clearly and be able to judge distances and speed. When there has been consumption of alcohol many of the safe driving skills become impaired and affect the ability for drivers to safely operate a motor-vehicle and increase the chances of a crash. Impaired drivers that involve the consumption of alcohol are at times called or know as â€Å"driving while impaired† (DWI), â€Å"driving under the influence† (DUI) that are United States statutory offense, or â€Å"drunk driving†. Illegal per se: When the driver’s blood alcohol level is over . 8percent when he/she was pulled over. Although the terminology may vary, alcohol-impaired driving is a leading cause of casualties on the roads. A driver’s impairment level is determined by his/her blood alcohol content (BAC) that is a measurement of alcohol in the bloodstream; normal measurement is mass per volume. An individual with a BAC of 0. 04 percent has 0. 04 grams of alcohol p er 100 grams of blood. The United States has adopted driving with a BAC of 0. 08 percent or higher illegal for drivers, while other countries vary from as low as 0. 0 percent to 0. 08 percent (ICAP, 2002). In addition there is a zero tolerance, nationally, on individuals 20 years or younger with legal drinking age of 21. DWI Offenders Drunk driving is one of the major concern to law enforcement and citizens of the community, because the offense is committed by a lot of people in our country, which includes law abiding citizens as well. â€Å"About one-fifth to one-fourth of drivers admitted to driven after drinking at least once within the past year and about five percent estimate that they were legally impaired. Drunk driving does not discriminate, however findings have shown that 80 percent are men who are white and/or Hispanic, between 25 and 44 years of age, high school or less education, non-white-collar employed, and unmarried are likely offenders (Beirness, Mayhew, and Simpson, 1997; NHTSA, 2003). Most of the drunk drivers are likely to be heavy drinkers and they might have drinking problems (Beirness, Mayhew, and Simpson, 1997). Drunk drivers under the age of 21 are twice as likely as older drivers to be involved in fatal vehicle crashes. (NHTSA, 1999) Statistics Alcohol-related serious accidents have fallen over the past years. However, even one death is a needless tragedy that we must continue to battle daily. Serious traffic accidents in alcohol related crashes decreased by 3. 7 percent between 2006 and 2007, these results show an estimated of 12,998 people killed in alcohol-impaired driving in 2007 down from 13,491 in 2006 (NHTSA, 2008). In 2007 alcohol impaired serious accidents accounted for 32 percent of all crash deaths. Approximately thirty-six people die in the United States, and about 700 more are injured in vehicle crashes that involve alcohol impaired drivers (CDC, 2008). Kathryn Henry, spokeswoman for the national Highway Traffic Safety Administration have said they lose people to fill the equivalent of a jetliner every two days to impair driving. If that happened, the planes falling out of the sky, that would be a huge issue on the front page of every newspaper in the world. Impaired driving happens in remote places, every day, every 32 minutes. Although the NHSTA seen a positive decrease in alcohol related incidents but shown a disappointing statistics for motorcyclist. â€Å"The number of motor-bikers killed increased from 14 to 23, that’s a 64. 3 percent jump. Virginia state saw motorcyclists deaths more than triple, rising from 12 to 37† (Staff, 2008). Alcohol-impaired motorcycle riders had increased by 10 percent in 2007; other categories of impaired drivers did not show any increase (NHTSA, 2008). In 2007, an estimated 67 percent of alcohol-impaired driving fatalities involved the driver or rider of motorcycles with a BACs great than or equal to . 08. An estimated 17 percent of occupants on a motorcycle were with a motorcycle rider/driver that was impaired. Only 47 percent of motorcycle drivers carry the proper/valid endorsement on their license or permit. The criminal justice system and the public must pay more attention to the impaired-driving issues if we want to see a decline in fatalities and impaired drivers. Among the most common types of arrest made by law officers in United States is drink driving. Not all impaired drivers are fatally injured; over 1. 4 million in 2007 were arrest before they were able to fatally harm themselves. Based on this statistics it does not show how the arrests were made; the driver could’ve been involved in an accident and was able to stagger away from the crash while injuring others or damaging property. The arrest rate averages 1 for every 142 licenses drivers in the United States. Authorities make 1 arrest for DWI for every 772 stops of driving within 2 hours of drinking and for every 88 occurrences of driving over the legal limit in the United States (FBI 2008). Type of Crime The largest category of criminal infraction of all cases in the U. S. and considered the most serious misdemeanor offense is driving while intoxicated. In many states repeat offenders are consider felons. Generally the first DWI charge in all states is considered misdemeanors. When a DW is classified as a misdemeanor, the charges involve no injury or property damage. A felony means that there has been serious injury to a person or property that occurred, or is a repeated offender involving DWI convictions on their record. No matter the classification of a DWI there is a potential the offense will remain on ones record for life. Identifying Drivers who maybe under the influence of alcohol display behaviors that can be identified by officers or citizen drivers in four categories that is: maintaining proper lane positions; low or high speed and constant braking; vigilance and impaired judgment. These categories are cues to predict that a driver is DWI at least 35 percent of the time. The probability of a DWI increases when the driver exhibits more than one of the cues (NHTSA, 2008 ). When the investigating officer has probable cause that a person is operating a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol, the investigating officer will ask that person to perform a field sobriety test to determine whether or not he/she is actually under the influence of alcohol. The field sobriety test is a critical element of identifying a drunk driver for the nvestigating officers’ impression, refusal to take the sobriety and/or chemical test has penalties in every state. Initially, the field sobriety test serves as the best method for an investigating officer to be ascertaining that â€Å"reasonable cause† exist to require the suspect to submit to a breathalyzer test. The field sobriety tests consist of the one-leg stand test, the walk and turn test, and the horizontal gaze (rapid, involuntary, oscillatory motion of the eyeball) tests. These tests are not mandatory and the driver can refuse to submit to these tests. The police officer may arrest someone if they refuse to submit to the field sobriety tests. The police have also begun to employ preliminary breath tests (PBTs). These tests are not mandatory and if someone refuses to submit to a PBT he or she is subject to a fine (and despite the title of the statute); will not be suspended for refusal to submit to a preliminary breath test. At completion of the field sobriety tests, the police officer may, based on his or her observations, arrest the person for driving under the influence, advise him or her of their constitutional rights, and ask them to submit to a chemical test. Facts and Myths The subject of drunken driving (DWI) is filled with emotions, inaccuracies and for some wishful thinking. But whether or not we are correctly informed, someone is paying the consequence for drunk driving. In many cases, what is represented as â€Å"fact’ is really fiction and it becomes hard to notice the difference. The down play of alcohol, impairment, has had a large effect on society and their feelings of impaired driving. There are various myths about consumption and content about alcohol that mislead many ‘drinkers. ’ The belief is that beer contains less alcohol than a glass of wine or a shot of distilled spirits is a myth. The content of beer has the same amount of alcohol in a 12-ounce bottle or can of beer is equivalent to a 5-ounce glass of wine, and a 1. 5-ounce shot all have equivalent amounts of alcohol. Another common myth is that a person becomes drunk more quickly by drinking a combination of beer, wine, and spirits. However, as we can see from the first myth that drinks contain the same amount of alcohol, so combing alcoholic drinks makes no difference. The only effect alcohol has on an individual depend on other factors, such as a persons weight, gender, and if he/she had any food to eat before drinking (DUI Foundation, 2008). Besides the myth of what alcohol and it consumption effecting an individual, there are myths about how to sober up quickly or cover the effects of alcohol. The sobering fact is that coffee, cold shower, or physical exercise will not work to rid the body of what has been consumed. The only method that works is the passage of time, as human body can filters alcohol out the blood stream at a rate of about one ounce of alcohol per hour. Sanctions and Counter Measures As a general rule, a DUI can be charged as a misdemeanor or as a felony, depending on the circumstances involving in the case. Laws are different from state to state; therefore charges of a DUI will vary based on states laws/regulations. The penalties can be increased or decreased base on circumstances. DUI punishments may involve a fine, restriction, suspension or revocation of license or vehicle, DUI School, and time spent in jail. Recently, several states have increased penalties for those caught drinking and driving, especially for repeat offenders, since the nationwide DUI laws passed in 1980 pushed by groups like Mother Against Drunk Drivers (MADD). Some state legislatures have passed laws requiring mandatory jail time for repeated DUI convictions. Fines have increased and the length at which ones license is suspended has been extended and receiving a â€Å"hardship† license to get back and forth to work has become more difficult to obtain. Penalties are generally, also, increased for circumstances involving a child when the DUI offense was committed, if the offender has a prior conviction of DUI, driver was speeding twenty to thirty miles above the posted speed limit, the BAL was at or above . 0 percent, and if there were property damages and injuries sustained by a crash. Vehicular manslaughter or in many cases second degree murder can be charged as a DUI penalty if a fatality occurs which is related to the DUI. Current Sentencing Courts implement numerous approaches to reduce the possibility of recidivism for offenders arrest or convicted of drunk driving. Sentencing of offenders have several different objections, howe ver reducing recidivism is priority. The sentences imposed on DWI offenders are rehabilitation, retribution, incapacitation, general and specific deterrence. In some cases restitution and/or program financing may be objectives in sentencing. Before sentencing is handed down in any form there should be an evaluation of the offender to determine what method would best suit the offender from re-offending. There is no one sentence that is effective for all DWI offenders. When passing down a sentence it should be tailored based on circumstances of the offender and their offense. Sentencing that is passed down to the DWI offender varies greatly on cost, resources available and the case. To control/eliminate the issue of drunken driving courts try to follow the â€Å"three Rs†, which are: †¢ Restriction on driving (revoke license, suspend vehicle registration, etc. ) †¢ Restitution (fines, community service, etc. ) †¢ Rehabilitation (treatment, probation, etc. ) (Guide to Sent DWI Offenders,2005) Restricting vehicle operation by a drunk driver is suspending drivers licenses, impounding the vehicle or immobilizing the vehicle, and requiring alcohol ignition interlock devices on the offenders’ vehicle. By restricting driving studies have shown that license revocation has decreased late night crashes by nine percent; installing ignition interlock devices have reduced repeated DWI offenses by 50 percent to 90 percent and; impounding the vehicle reduced DWI offences for convicted drivers. Restitution by fines, incarceration and/or financial restitution maybe required compensation, to the victim/community. Community services has little to no impact on recidivism, judges use this method to develop a meaningful sanction. To offset the cost of law enforcement, treatment programs, and efforts to reduce drunken driving fines and court fees can be used. Rehabilitation programs are launched with the goal of rehabilitating drunk driver rather than place them in jail. Punishment alone does not seem to be effective. In rehabilitation programs reduction of drunk drivers reduces recidivism by working at the root of the problem by requiring treatment and accountability in an intensive, long-term program. This duration allows the streets to be safe, while influence a change in the offender. Cost For an individual who chose to drink and driver costs vary depending on circumstances and jurisdiction in which they are being charged. For a first DUI, some states impose fines ranging from $500 to $1,000. Some states require a fine up to $15,000 for anyone who has been charged with and has hand prior DUI convictions. Although fines are imposed, this is not the only financial loss for the offender. Other cost association with drunk driving should be taken into consideration. First DUI offense for a driver can cost up to $20,000 in legal/lawyer fees and other expenses. Although an estimate and cost varies, the following cost may factor the offender choice to drink while intoxicated: †¢ Towing/Car Storage- $100. 00 †¢ Bail- $250. 00 †¢ Lawyer’s Fees- $1,500. 00 plus †¢ Court’s Fees- $200. 00 †¢ Conditional License- $175. 00 An offender is not the only person who endure costly expenses but many others who are impacted directly such as victims or indirectly such as the tax papers (economy). In an Economic Impact of Vehicle Crashes report in 2000, the economical impact on alcohol-involved cashes scored high about 16,792 deaths as well as 513,000 non-fatal injuries, which calculated $50. 9 billion in economical expenses. All alcohol related crashes accounted for 22 percent of all crash. In Wisconsin an offender, Adair, had nine DUI’s prior to a 1999 crash that almost took his life and his unexpected 19 year old victim who was trapped in the car she was driving when Adair smashed his pickup truck in to Sarah Johnson’s car. Adair’s offenses of drunk driving have cost nearly $365,000 since 1985. Of the nearly $365,000 roughly $240,000 came from tax dollars and insurance payouts. Annually, in â€Å"Wisconsin alone taxpayers pay $2. 7 billion in alcohol-related law enforcement and legal system costs; incarceration; crash investigation and cleanup; lost productivity; and premature deaths, according to the Center for Science in the Public Interest† (jsonline, 2008). Table 1: Totaling the cost of Adair’s Action Adair’s numbers are lifetime to date (in 2008 dollars). Wisconsin numbers are for years indicated. |Ricky Adair |Wisconsin | |Prison |$104,658 |Statewide cost in fiscal year 2007 for prisoners whose crimes | | | |involved alcohol:$322 million | |Health Care |Cost for Ricky Adair and Sarah |State cost in 2007 for DWI related accidents and medical $935 | | |Johnson, injured when his care |million | | |collided with hers:$89,943 | | |Alcohol Treatment |$4, 704 |Statewide, the cost in 2007: $190 million | |Attorneys’ Fees |$16, 891 |Annual cost of OWI cases handled by the State Public Defender | | | |in 2007: $1. 46 million | Source: jsonline, Milwaukee 2008 Accidents involving a driver or/and a non-occupant with a BAC of . 10 percent or great accounted for 75 percent of all alcohol-involved crash costs. The impact of alcohol rated crashes on the economic monomials various based on the severity. Alcohol-related crashes accounted for 46 percent of fatal injury cost; 21 percent of nonfatal crash cost; and 10 percent of the crash costs consisted of property damage only. (NSHTA, 2000) Court The courts role in a DWI cases is the same role it plays with other cases. However, DWI cases can sometimes be considered another part of the â€Å"judicial system,† since the court has a very different role to play than law enforcement, prosecution, or corrections. DWI cases are much broader and although it interacts with different agencies the court establishes the tone towards DWI cases in the community. The court addresses the defendant to stress the severity of the DWI or explain to the investigating law enforcement why a case was unsuccessfully prosecuted. The judicial system, specifically the judge, shapes the public attitude towards DWI prevention and enforcement. Current Preventions NHTSA has credited the states laws in rising the legal drinking age to 21 with preventing about 1,000 traffic death per year. Legislation also imposing a zero tolerance law for young drivers ages 20 and younger. The BAC was not only enacted for young drivers/individuals but for those 21 years of age and older that provided incentives for all States. The current prevention have been effective, however further prevention of drunk driving related arrest and incidents are still being evaluated. Proposed Solutions Everyone has their different ideas about what kind of laws and police would help reduce drunk driving. Driving while intoxicated is a huge road safety issue (Staff, 2008). Many different ideas have circulated from prohibiting/eliminating alcohol beverages, increase alcohol taxes, stiffer fines/sentencing, etc. However, the problem will not disappear but only reduced. Drunk driving is very deadly there has to be more than just long-term attitude adjustment to the problem. There are many different proposals in the Legislative Branch of our justice system; to combat the increasing issue in some states even though nationwide we are starting to see declining numbers. Two proposals/laws I felt that would help combat the seriousness of drunk driving comes from the bills in the Wisconsin Legislature that will draw support from the public but may come under attack by the Tavern Leagues and I believe that all states should have tougher laws and they should follow the Wisconsin proposed/laws in the legislature. The first measure has been drafted by State Senator Neal Kedzi which would lower the legal blood-alcohol limit from 0. 08 percent to 0. 2 percent for someone who has been convicted of two more offense of driving under alcohol intoxicants; this gives a margin for one alcohol beverage for an average person. Senator Kedzi is on the right direction with this bill, however this should be applied for anyone after the first offense rather than the second, but t ightening the drinking offense so drastically would prove to be a long battle given the nature and the strength that the Tavern League has (Kedzi, 2009). Implementing this bill by Senator Kedzie would intend to decrease the rate of alcohol related motor vehicle accidents. The decision to support lower BAC levels, but not to press for immediate adoption of a zero tolerance policy would, in hopes, gain public and political support. This process could also focus on educating the public, policy makers and medical sources about the issue of the influence of alcohol on ones ability for judgment/physical capabilities (Kedzi, 2009). The bill proposed by Senator Kedzie also included two proposed provisions that  include that those convicted of drunken driving  be prohibited from buying any vehicles while their licenses are suspended or revoked, and those applying for occupational driver’s licenses would have to wait for fifteen days to get them. In Australia the implementation of lower the BAC has proven to be effective. A study that was â€Å"conducted by the Austrian Road Safety Board reviewed the effects of lowering the BAC from . 08 to . 05(driveandstayalive, 2003),† which is . 02 percent higher than Wisconsin proposed bill. Since the lowering of the BAC in Australia in 1998 alcohol-related crashes declined 11. 6 percent from 1997. The study concluded that lowering the BAC, increased awareness and law enforcement support, it has been a suitable means in reducing alcohol-related crashes (driveandstayalive, 2003). This bill is a great way in reducing DWI’s crashes. Although the reduction of BAC from . 08 percent to . 02 percent is a great proposal the latest reduction that was mandated wasn’t so drastic. The latest mandated BAC drop went from . 10 percent to . 08 percent, in most states, so in keeping with less drastic changes prosing a . 05 or . 06 percent BAC maybe more realistic to gain support and enforcement. However like any change, this will gain protest as everyone reacts differently to alcohol consumption and a low BAC, consumption of alcohol, will impair their judgment/ability like it may another. The second bill requires that bartenders have no alcohol in their system, as we know alcohol is an impairment of judgment. This bill is authored by Rep. Josh Zepnick, and having been a sober bartender, believe this is to be an accurate proposed bill. This bill would hold the bar owners and bartenders and/or serves more accountable for their patron who leave with to much alcohol in their system. Conclusion Many drivers who are cited for drunk driving maintain that they never intended to drink and drive or had any intent in causing harm to a person or to property. Understand the problem, associated with DWIs have been established, strategies to reduce the problem can be addressed. Strategies can come from a variety of different studies and law enforcement reports. However, each strategy should be tailored to circumstances presented for that specific community analyzing the problem. With the hopes that states can effectively implement a response to the drunken driving issues, a reduction in number of crashes and proportion of crashes; injuries and fatalities in crashes and the proportion of all crashes that result in injuries and deaths; reducing severity of crash injuries and; reduce the property damages from crashes shall be successful . ecreasing the number of drunk drivers on the road is the primary objective in reducing alcohol related harm/damage, by the use of motor-vehicles. Any implementation to reduce DWI, however, does not just fall on the states to effectively respond to the continuing issue of drunk driving but the community and ef forts of public services. References Barton, G. (2008, October 21). One drunken drivers tab: $365,000 JSOnline. In Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved August 01, 2011, from http://www. jsonline. com/news/wisconsin/31446759. html Beirness, Mayhew, Simpson. (1997). Welcome to the Health Canada Web site | Bienvenue au site Web de Sant. Retrieved August 01, 2011, from

Prior to the Cuban revolution, Cuba was under the Essays

Prior to the Cuban revolution, Cuba was under the control of Fulgencio Batista, a capitalist dictator. American casinos and occupation caused unrest in Cuba, and the tourism caused a huge disparity within the poor. This sparked the Cuban revolution, whereafter the money earned from the tourism and given to the rich was given to the poor. However, in Cuba following 1959, the Castro regime has infringed upon human rights via unjust arrests, extreme police brutality, the murder of dissenters, and the creation of labor camps for gay men and those who opposed the regime. These occurrences continue in modern day Cuba, with unjust arrests and police brutality persisting in communist Cuba. Coupled with covered up assassinations and death camps disguised as labor camps, the Cuban government has been committing inhumane atrocities since the beginning of the Castro Regime. The earliest form of human rights abuses, is the aforementioned labor camps, known as Military Units to Aid Production, or otherwise as UMAPs. However, they only existed for a short period of time. The Cuban labor camps existed from 1965 to 1968. They primarily targeted political dissenters, though they included gay men and those who's religions went against that of the communist government.( They began as an alternative to those who could not complete their compulsory service in the Cuban military. However, they quickly became an inhumane means of killing off these undesirable' populations. It had been estimated that seventy two men were tortured to death, five hundred and seven were sent to psychiatric wards, and one hundred eighty of them committed suicide. However, these numbers are extremely small, considering the total internee count being up to thirty five thousand. To say nothing of the concerning means that the aforementioned men met their deaths, the conditions of such places were not suitable for any human being to healthily live. Forced to work in farms for up to ten to twelve hours out of the day, men were put in extreme labor conditions, having to work up to seven days out of the week. These inhumane working hours only further showcase the inhumanity of these camps. Not to mention, the poor nutrition, unclean water, poorly prepared food, with even the plates they ate off being unclean. The barracks in these camps were filled to the brim, with men forced to even share beds. Those imprisoned even had no electricity to speak of, the extremity going on to the point that they had no toilets. Castro himself even admitted that the purpose of these labor camps was to punish those who refused to join communist parties while facilitating free labor for the state. Despite the government being open about the existence of these camps, communist supporters try to deny their existence, propagating Cuba as an LGBT friendly country. However, this is simply ignoring the facts. Gay men were punished on account of simply being gay with detention sweeps, which would quickly send them to these labor camps. (Wise, New York Times). Others will say that Castro was not in power', or against it' during the times of these camps' existence. However, that is going against evidence. Fidel Castro was a dictator, who had all the power that came with one, such as controlling the existence of these UMAPs and their execution. The aforementioned labor camps are not the only form of cruelty that the Castro regime has enforced upon the Cuban people. Deliberately small rations quickly caused high death counts, not to mention the democides. No exact amount of deaths from starvation is known, but from primary accounts, the toll is undoubtedly high. Historian from College of Hawaii estimates up to 141,000 deaths while under the Castro regime- not even just from starvation. When considering the death toll in Cuba a small number, be aware that the exact number is unknown due to purposeful, either concealing of records, or simply being willingly ignorant of the death toll and making no such records. Before 1990, the rations would include as two pounds of chicken, six eggs, a pound of picadillo *, and if fish was present, then a pound, for the month. During 1991 in a time commonly known as the special period by people who

Civil Rights Era

Civil Rights Era Introduction It is notable that blacks faced extreme discrimination in the historical America. During that period, the freed â€Å"blacks† of 1840s were encountering various challenges while trying to integrate in a society that racially segregated them. Previous political regimes had enacted legislation that led to institutionalisation of racism. American leaders’ assertion that the country stood for freedom was a sham, as blacks lacked access to basic social and civil rights.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Civil Rights Era specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This led to the formation of movements through prearranged public meetings, demonstrations, matches and boycotts as they campaigned against this social vice. Moreover, various action groups fought for the civil and social rights of Black people, which they termed â€Å"Civil Rights Era† The â€Å"civil rights era† was amid 195 5 and 1968 when the social movement was extremely vocal. â€Å"Civil right movement† is sum of all activities undertaken by various activists in the fight against segregation. The southern states had used slaves as their source of labour in their plantations, meaning that the leading population of blacks was in the south. The whites profoundly ingrained bigotry in this region. Following the large population, the movement was very vocal in the southern states. The era is estimated to have lasted fifteen years. During the era, various leaders enacted different legislations to avert a looming social and civil crisis. The movement activity reduced greatly after the elimination of its enigmatic principal Martin Luther. Fortified with exceptional oratory skills, Martin King led this movement by holding rallies, boycotts and peaceful demonstration. His leadership was highly applauded for being non-violent in a struggle that most expected to be bloody. However, some incidences were v iolent. Thesis It is certain that racism was rampant in the historical America; however, the rise of â€Å"Civil Rights Movement† normalized the situation thus leading to the enjoyment of various services by all citizens. During such time, associations were formed to champion for the rights of the blacks. Despite abolition of slavery, the freed people continued to live in bondages owing to neglect by the White dominated government. Although this community constituted a significant part of the population, they had no congressional representation. This in effect meant that they lacked representation arms of the state that formulated laws that they adhered to. Existing laws did not give voting rights to the African Americans.Advertising Looking for research paper on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Due to such issues, most members of this community felt they had been neglected; on the social aren a black people were not allowed to utilize the same facilities as whites. Black students could not attend educational institution set aside for white counterparts from the elementary to the tertiary level. Employment in government institution was skewed and this led to majority of black people being unemployed. Some of the revolution leaders include Rosa Parks who was an Alabaman seamstress who entered a â€Å"Montgomery bus† on her way home. As passengers augmented, the driver ordered Rosa to offer her seat to a white. Rosa displayed bravery when she failed to give it up her seat despite subsequent arrest. Her experience resulted in more than a year and a half embargo of the â€Å"Montgomery buses† (Phibbs, 2009). Thurgood Marshal is another personality who made noteworthy input to this struggle. His input came via multiple civil litigations that he filled. His competence in the legal field was evident as he only lost in one case that he filed at the time. In one case where he challenged the school system, resulting in an overall transformation as the Supreme Court ordered that all schools should be open to all races. This outcome was in line with the law that provided equal education for all. As stated above Martin Luther was the leader of all movements. President Johnson who took over leadership after the elimination of JF Kennedy led to the enactment of affirmative action that King and other activists negotiated. Martin faced assassination in 1968 while in a Memphis hotel. Achievements of the â€Å"Civil Rights Movements† In the civil era, multiple changes were achieved that assisted the Black people integrate into the American society. The aim of the black movement was to fight for the racial dignity, economic and political rights. There was a need for a remedial action to be taken as racial discrimination was evident. Thurgood’s case was the first to bring changes. The movement was fighting for Black students who were able to attend the same school as Caucasian students. This case brought equality into the education sector. During the mind 1960s, Johnson, the president, rallied the Congress in enacting civil rights bill and the voting act. This legislation ensured that African Americans had representation in the different governing structure like local authorities and Congress. The Civil right bill was a remedy for the racism abuses that they underwent. These movements prompted the congress to pass various acts thus preventing the country from plunging into chaos (Levy, 1998). The Civil right Act consisted of many rights. First it allowed all voters to be registered. This did not exclude the literacy tests which applied to both whites and blacks. Secondly, the Act addressed discrimination in public facilities such as hotels, restaurants, motels and private clubs which referred to a certain group. Thirdly, the municipal government was prohibited to deny public facilities to the public facilities to people on basis of their race, religion and ethnicity.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Civil Rights Era specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kerner Commission had done a thorough study on the causes of urban violence. The result was that racism was the major cause. The riots were on the increase in mid 1960s and were fuelled by the racial disparities. Malcom X was one of the leaders in the riots and he called for armed self defence. He was later shot at the age of 39 as he gave a speech. The Black Panther’s party was founded in 1966. Huey Newton and Bobby Saele were the founders of this party. They had a concern of the police force brutality towards the African Americans (Steinberg, 2000). Passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 Greatest achievements of the civil rights occurred after the passing of civil rights legislation. The passing of the â€Å"Civil Rights Act in 1964 and voting right Act in 1965† (NAACP, 2011, p. 1) brought a great revolution in the freedom of African Americans. This was to stop any form of discrimination. It meant that it was unlawful to discriminate anyone on the basis of their color, race, and religion or nationality. The voting rights Act was voted in 1965. It was meant to ensure the right to vote for all Americans. The right to vote for black Americans was also supported by the government. The Attorney general Robert Kennedy was quite influential in the fight against racial discrimination. The judiciary took part in protecting personal liberties against majority power. The civil rights movement’s agenda was to give equal privileges to all Americans regardless of their race. These rights also ended discrimination in the housing. It came to action during the 15th amendment of the American constitution. The south however experienced discrimination in voting even in the late 1960s. The basis of discrimination was from simple literacy tests that wer e meant to alienate the blacks from the voters. This caused only a small number to participate in the voting process. The provision of the act prohibited discrimination. The preclearance was also needed for the states and other jurisdictions that had a history of racial discrimination. This provided an approval by the United States department of justice. This Act enabled many African Americans to participate in politics. In 1964 summer, the white students also participated in registration of the colored people. Civil rights organizations such as National Association for the Advancement of colored people (NAACP) and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference were also involved in the same activity of registering colored voters (NAACP, 2011).Advertising Looking for research paper on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More President Lyndon B. Johnson speech in May 1964 at the University of Michigan encouraged the graduating students to shun racism and work towards freedom for all. He insisted that, their imagination and initiatives would determine the kind of a society they were going to build. Richard Nixon took over the presidency in 1968. By this time about 60% of African Americans were eligible to vote in Mississippi and other Southern States. From 1965 to 1990 black state legislators number rose from two to 160. The voting rights Act was renewed in 1970, 1975 and 1982. Before 2003 South America had more black candidates winning elections but fewer democrats overall winning office. The right to vote made a great impact to the African Americans as this led them to hold positions in local, state and national levels. Civil Rights Act of 1964 also assisted the black people to secure more jobs. The Civil Bill of Rights Act opened equal opportunities for employment. Formation of Equal Employment Opportu nity Commission had a long term impact on the country. The law was clear that no discrimination was allowed in public facilities or the government and the employment opportunities. At the moment, it was not easily enforced but was gradually enforced in the later years. The State fair employment practices Agencies together with Equal Employment Opportunity Commission were in charge of implementation of the laws in employment. They were allowed to file law suites on behalf of employees. Any complaint of discrimination could be filed within 180 days. This was in relation to pregnancy, age and disability. Employers were not supposed to qualify their employees on the basis of their race. Johnson helped the minorities to gain equal opportunities. In November 1964, Johnson won the presidential elections against Barry Goldwater. At the end of his Presidency, there was violence as well as Vietnam War. Robert Kennedy and Martin Luther King were assassinated. This raised a question on the prog rams that President Johnson had started of Medicare for elderly Americans and Medicaid for poor Americans. Passage of the Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965 The immigration Act was signed by Lyndon Johnson in 1965. This positively influenced migration in the 20th century. Majority of the immigrants came in to work. There was also a shifting in gender immigrants. Initially, males were majority of the immigrants, but the Act influenced the number of females who arrived in the U. S. There was a difference in the education levels of the immigrants. Majority of the past immigrants were not educated while the subsequent immigrants were skilled. This is now referred to as â€Å"brain drain† from origin countries. Currently on its mission to globalization, the U.S. has increased number of immigrants. The Americans are also going to other countries as they export jobs while the immigrants are working for them. The Act allowed integration of African Americans in the count ry. The system allocation of Visas is based on family relationship to U.S. citizens and legal permanent residents. However, due to high number of visa application many people have to wait for a long time to acquire immigration Visa (Laney, 2003). 1968 was marked by the Fair housing Act that came after assassination of Martin Luther king Junior. The Act was mainly to curb discrimination in housing. It prohibited landlords from refusing to rent or sell houses on the basis of race, gender, religion or ethnicity. Racial preference in advertising, redlining and blockbusting were also prohibited by the Act. Integration of blacks into the American society Integration of African Americans and other minorities by the whites was as a result of violence. The task was difficult to implement because it had everything to do with changing peoples minds. The attitude of the majority was negative and it took time to convince them. 1960s was the baseline for integration of black Americans in the whit e society. The changing in numbers of blacks’ participation in schools, housing, military, sports and government has a major impact on the social development of the U.S. Government authority played a great role in desegregation. Black-white segregation was persuasive throughout the United States and mostly affected the southern parts. Blacks were excluded in many areas especially the prestigious and beneficial sectors. The blacks did not have chances in government, businesses, community associations and unions. World War II made a significant change in perception of whites about the blacks. The war created many economic opportunities to the blacks following the blacks’ migration to Northern and urban areas. This created an environment of interaction and broadened the social and political abilities of the blacks. The attitude of racism was unnecessary evil. The country was experiencing a rapid economic growth. However, the blacks were migrating from the Southern region to the Northern part where black population reduced by 24% from 1940 to 1970. Blacks mostly migrated to the large cities which had accessibility to the rail line. Manufacturing centres of upstate New York also attracted the blacks. Those blacks who went to the North were more successful than those in the South. The blacks were about a quarter of the population in big cities such as New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Los Angeles and Boston by 1960. Only Minneapolis city had a smaller population of blacks below the national average of 11.7%. The protests by Civil Rights Movement organizations demanded for the rights of black Americans as well as to shun discrimination against them. The blacks’ participation in civil rights increase in the 1960s brought conflict with the whites. Their participation was not in vain because after persistence, their demands were included in the constitution. This was their path to freedom as they were able to enjoy many privileges that they had for l ong been denied. Participation of blacks in major institutions of American society broke the barrier of discrimination. Arts, Entertainment, religious institutions and public schools became flexible and allowed the blacks in their facilities and this was how the blacks became integrated into the American society. Changes in the education sector The Supreme Court ruling was against discrimination in public schools. This came in 1954, when Virginia political establishment had threatened to close the white schools that would allow African Americans in their schools. The ruling was named Brown II. It was a case that was held because of five different people accusing school facilities of discriminating the black children. It was a serious case since Browns’ child was not allowed to attend a nearby school that was near their home. She went far away to the school that was meant for the blacks. In 1960s, some of the supreme courts decisions ordered for equality in schools and worked towards implementation. The Act was in favour of stopping segregation in terms of education facilities. The law prohibited discrimination in the area of funding where all schools were supposed to get equal funding regardless of the students race. Title VII of the Act outlawed discrimination against any person because of the relationship with another individual of a different â€Å"race, color, race, religion, sex or nation of origin† (Burton O’Brien, 2009, p. 1). The government was greatly involved in the achievements of civil rights movements. President JFK helped in the enforcement of law that did not support discrimination in schools and many public areas. In 1970, a U.S. judge in North Carolina gave an order that the black students could attend white schools and that the white students could be admitted in the black schools. 1974 was marked by another episode where the whites demonstrated against the black students in their schools. The black students were harasse d by their counterparts who made them to run away from school. The Brown case came up later in1979. The courts made a policy that was known as Open enrolment that gave freedom of choice to students to attend the school they wished to. Segregation in public schools was therefore outlawed by the passing of civil rights Act. The bill amendment also protected women in courts which in addition included the white people for the first time (Burton O’Brien, 2009). Conclusion Racial discrimination was common in U.S. history. It deprived many African Americans their rights and privileges that made them to remain in poverty and have the dominant whites as superior. These included schools, housing, employment, voting rights and migration. This however did not last forever. The civil rights era between 1955 and 1968 was characterized by various activists including Martin Luther King Junior, Rosa Parks and Thurgood Marshal who were fighting against segregation on basis of their race. The civil rights movement had many blacks in participation. Their fight for desegregation resulted in achievements of the legal victories in many areas that promoted their equality. The education system changed to open for both blacks and whites and stopped racial admission. Secondly blacks were allowed to use social facilities as much as whites were. Thirdly, the African Americans got voting rights which enabled them to participate in political issues. The immigration and Nationality Services Act also encouraged many blacks to immigrate to U.S. Moreover, the Civil Rights Act in 1968 banned discrimination in housing, both for rent and for sale regardless of ones race. The participation of the blacks in key institutions such as government, businesses and community programs enhanced their success and growth that promoted their integration in the white society. References Burton, O O’Brien, D. (2009). Remembering Brown at Fifty: The University of Illinois Commemorates Brown V. Boar d of Education. Illinois: University of Illinois Press. Laney, G.P. (2003). The voting rights act of 1965: historical background and current issues. New York, NY: Nova Publishers. Levy, P. (1998). The civil rights movement. New York, NY: Greenwood Publishing Group. NAACP. (2011). NAACP. Web. Phibbs, C.F. (2009). The Montgomery Bus Boycott: a history and reference. New York, NY: ABC-CLIO. Steinberg, S. (2000). Race and ethnicity in the United States: issues and debates. New York, NY: Wiley-Blackwell.

Liberal view of international relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Liberal view of international relations - Essay Example Thus, the liberal school of thought operates on certain core assumptions. The first and most fundamental premise of the liberal school of thought is the argument that the relationship that states have with other actors, state and non state, in the international community to a great extent shapes their behavior by influencing their preferences. To the liberalists, how states behave in the international arena has more to do with their preferences rather than their capabilities. Consequently, depending on such internal factors in states such as culture, the economic system or even the type of government therein, the preferences are likely to be different from state to   state. In liberalism, the relations that particular states have to the local domestic and even the global communal framework in which they are set in has a fundamental impact on their behavior as far as international politics is concerned. Thus, societal ideas, interests and the institutions in these states heavily inf luence their behaviors by shaping their preferences. The liberalists also distinguish between high and low politics as the determinants of interaction between states. That is to stay, to the liberalists, states do not only interact in the international relations as a result of high end political issues such as politics and security. State also interact on the basis of low political issues in the form of economics and culture. (Shared assumptions of realism and liberal institutionalism, n.d.)... To the liberalists, how states behave in the international arena has more to do with their preferences rather than their capabilities. Consequently, depending on such internal factors in states such as culture, the economic system or even the type of government therein, the preferences are likely to be different from state to state. In liberalism, the relations that particular states have to the local domestic and even the global communal framework in which they are set in has a fundamental impact on their behavior as far as international politics is concerned. Thus, societal ideas, interests and the institutions in these states heavily influence their behaviors by shaping their preferences. The liberalists also distinguish between high and low politics as the determinants of interaction between states. That is to stay, to the liberalists, states do not only interact in the international relations as a result of high end political issues such as politics and security. State also inte ract on the basis of low political issues in the form of economics and culture. (Shared assumptions of realism and liberal institutionalism, n.d.) Another assumption of the liberal school of though lies in the fact that rational individuals and private groups who organize and exchange to promote their interests as opposed to states are viewed as the primary actors in the international arena. Again, that states and other political institutions represent some division of domestic society. This then forms the basis of interests upon which state officials then define state preferences and therefore act with a purpose in the world politics. Lastly, that there is interdependence of

Cuneiform and Pictograms Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cuneiform and Pictograms - Research Paper Example Indeed, it is certain that Cuneiform and pictograms are the gateway of the normal symbols that are palpable in our everyday life as it all started thousands of years ago. As a one of the greatest contributors to Cuneiform development, the Sumerians developed this early form of civilization writing using pictures. Later the Babylonians and Assyrians adopted the use of Cuneiform as a system of writing. As an ancient form, of writing Cuneiform entailed the use of wooden reeds on pieces of clay that were used to impress shapes on the moist clay tablets evidently in Mesopotamia. This mode of writing used wedged shaped stylus as a means of making impressions on the tablets that were made up of stones, metal, clay, or wax. However, the clay tablets were mainly used, as they were cheap and easily available. On the contrary, the clay tablets tended to be more fragile because of the tablets being sun-baked. There are different forms of wedges as they ranged in their various shapes from upright wedges, horizontal wedges, and the most common diagonal wedges through the frequently interchanging of slopping wedge. The Cuneiform impressions that were left by the pictogram, which was being imposed on the tablet left the stylus on the tablet as wedged shape thus, the up rise of the name wedge-writing that was significantly another name of Cuneiform writing. It is notable that after the pieces of clay tablets dried up the preservation of the information was achievable through maintain ace of remarkable accuracy and durability levels. It is because of this reason that hundreds of cuneiform tablets are evidently widely spread all over the world (Radner, and Robson 60). However, in instances where the information was not needed in terms of their permanency the tablets were recycled as they were remolded again. Archeologists established that a majority of the tablets found from the debris and archives were baked especially as they found them in the building where the armies burnt it down. Majority of the museums and private collections still hold the tablets up to date as a form of history. Individuals who utilized this form of writing were Egyptians who have had thousands of clay tablets safely stored discovered in Egypt. The use of the tablets in Cuneiform writing began as a system of writing symbols as a way of expressing the ideas commonly rather than the use of in sounds that they felt a need of noting them down for remembrance. Majorly the information that was featured in these tablets were those of business activities that needed recording in order to act as evidence against a transaction that transpired between two parties (Radner, and Robson 61). In addition, other tablets included information traceable back to the field of medicine as there is evidence of tablets with medical texts imposed on them besides other subjects. Cuneiform form of writing developed later into alphabetic syllabus through the Babylonians and Assyrians who were primarily dominan t in the in Egypt during the middle of the third millennium. As a result, the form of Cuneiform writing shifted from being mainly featured in the field of business and medicine as it spread into other areas of writing. This change is more significant as there is evidence of cuneiform scripts use in the representation of texts that are from various fields of several languages. These languages include those of the ancient ones that are more

Effects Of Raw Sewage Discharged Directly Environmental Sciences Essay

Effects Of Raw Sewage Discharged Directly Environmental Sciences Essay Throughout history of existence of man, getting rid of waste man produces has always been problematic. Our Palaeolithic and Neolithic ancestors also had the same problem of waste disposal, those who lived on oysters and other shellfish simply threw the waste out forming the kitchen middens which are now of great interest to the archaeologists (Anderson, 2007). During the medieval times sewage and domestic waste was thrown everywhere and ended up flowing into nearby water bodies. Around 1900s, the system of sewers evolved, cities did not treat sewage during that time (Ward, 2010). They simply collected the raw or untreated sewage (wastewater) using the system and discharged it into a receiving body of water either a river or a marine environment (Anderson, 2007) dictated by the location of the city. However, it soon became apparent that raw sewage discharged in this manner was inadequate for two major reasons being; the adverse ecological impacts on receiving waters and the adverse public health impacts since some of the microorganisms in raw sewage may be pathogenic (Ward, 2010) hence the receiving water bodies cannot be used for water contact sports like swimming and water skiing. Now municipal councils worldwide have gone to a great extent of constructing sewage treatment plants to keep up with pace of increasing human population, which tend to generate more sewage. These modern municipal sewage treatment systems utilize microbial degradation as a principal way to degrade these organic and inorganic material contained in waste water. The ecological impacts of discharging raw sewage into rivers are dictated by the constituents of the waste. Sewage contains vast amounts of organic material, also inorganic materials such as nutrient salts consisting mainly phosphate and nitrate from partial mineralisation of the organic matter and detergents where phosphates are used as dispersion and suspension agents (Nixon, 2009). Run-off from industries and gardens also end up in the sewage. This can probably contain traces of heavy metals such as mercury and uranium(Landman and Ling, 2011). Microorganisms both living and dead also contribute to the amount of organic material present in the sewage, the latter is a pollutant. Discharging raw sewage into rivers therefore introduces these constituents of sewage into the aquatic ecosystem. Organic material will therefore serve as a substrate for the growth of heterotrophic bacteria. The aerobic respiration activities of these microorganisms remove the dissolved oxygen in water, creating an anoxic condition. This condition is lethal to fish and other oxygen requiring living organisms in the river (Landman and Ling, 2011). Biodiversity in the aquatic system is thus hampered due to reduction of other living species population in the river. Also other terrestrial organisms depending on the river water will be affected negatively since the water is no longer in state that is conducive for them to use (Nixon, 2009). Wastes released by the microorganism tend to be toxic to other living organisms. Also animals that drink on the river that contain sewage can end up acquiring the heavy metals that concentrate up the food chain hence endangered species could be wiped o ut as a result of the toxicity of the heavy metals (Ward, 2010). Since pH and temperature have effect on the solutes in the waste water, low or high will lead to cations in water complexing with the phosphate hence precipitates (Nixon, 2009). These precipitates will change the aesthetic appearance of water. Also the precipitates can be bound to aquatic organism such as fish hence blocking their pores on their bodies that are responsible for gaseous exchange. Public health impacts due to raw sewage in rivers are that the river can longer be used as a source of drinking water and for human consumption. The river water thus tend to have a high concentration of nitrates, which are toxic to human especially infants as it can cause a disease known as blue baby syndrome (Anderson, 2007). This disease results due to high affinity of nitrates to haemoglobin hence less oxygen is carried in the blood. Water borne microorganisms such vibrio cholera from human faeces (Moubarrad,. et al 2007) also can be contained in the water hence if water is used for human consumption, this can lead to spread of diseases. Water contact sport also can be performed on such water due to the contamination by organic matter and bad odour as a result of the raw sewage. Even though the water can be rich in plant nutrients, it cannot be used for irrigation purposes in agriculture since heavy metals that are contained in the water can end up finding their way into crops. Heavy metals such as mercury in water can be converted to methylmercury by bacteria (Ward, 2010). Methylmercury is a neurotoxin in human that affect the nervous system and brain functioning hence it can cause permanent development defects in babies (Moubarrad,. et al 2007) . Since the severity of the impact of raw sewage discharged into rivers varies due to the volume of the raw sewage, organic and inorganic material content and the flow rate of water in the river, therefore when rivers are given sufficient time without further pollution, rivers have the natural capability to restore themselves (Ward, 2010). Oxygen can be reintroduced into the water through two activities being; oxygenic photosynthesis by cyanobacteria, algae and aquatic plants and also by the turbulence of the river, which results in the diffusion of oxygen from air. In addition, the organic material component of raw sewage is eventually degraded by the heterotrophic bacteria and when it depletes the population of these bacteria declines (Anderson, 2007). However in the case of lakes, deposition of raw waste triggers a phenomenon known as eutrophication since water in lakes is not flowing. Eutrophication results from nitrates and phosphates contained in raw sewage being turned into cellular mass by microorganisms in presence of light ( HobÆK,. et al 2012). Eventually water is covered with green mats of algae, blocking sunlight and gases to diffuse into the water hence organisms rising in water die due to insufficient oxygen. A high population of microorganisms especially anaerobic ones results and this enhances other predatory microorganisms to reside in the water being attracted by the high populations of their prey. Due to eutrophication, biodiversity will be lost in terms of reduction in populations of organisms residing in water. Lakes compared to rivers are not capable of quick self-restoration since water in them is stagnant therefore diffusion of gases cannot be possibly easy.