Definition of Semi-Auxiliaries and Semi-Modals

Definition of Semi-Auxiliaries and Semi-Modals In English grammar, a semi-auxiliary is a multi-word construction based on an auxiliary verb and having some of the same grammatical characteristics. Also known as a semi-modal or a lexical auxiliary. Semi-auxiliaries include be about to, be able to, be going to, be likely to, be supposed to, had better, have to, ought to, used to, and would rather. Some are followed by an infinitive; others by a zero infinitive. Geoffrey Leech et al. note that the semi-modals are probably the most cited cases of grammaticalization in the ongoing history of English. Among these, in turn, the protoypical, most indubitable cases of semi-modal status are BE going and HAVE to . . .. [T]he lexically independent verbs have and go have, over the centuries, gradually acquired an auxiliary-like function in construction with the infinitive to (Change in Contemporary English: A Grammatical Study, 2012). Also Known As:  semi-modal, quasi-modal, periphrastic modal, phrasal auxiliary, modal-like, modal idiom, lexical auxiliary Examples and Observations What you have become is the price you paid to get what you used to want.(Mignon McLaughlin, The Complete Neurotics Notebook. Castle Books, 1981)Women have got to make the world safe for men since men have made it so darned unsafe for women.(Lady Nancy Astor)We had better dispense with the personification of evil, because it leads, all too easily, to the most dangerous kind of war: religious war.(Konrad Lorenz, On Aggression, 1963)Girl, you look so good, someone ought to put you on a plate and sop you up with a biscuit.(Arsenio Hall as Reverend Brown in Coming to America, 1988)Reckon somebody oughta help the poor guy.(Nigel in Finding Nemo, 2003)A great teacher is supposed to show them there are other points of view besides their own.(Matthew Morrison as Will Schuester, The Substitute. Glee, 2010)Im shaking the dust of this crummy little town off my feet and Im going to see the world. Italy, Greece, the Parthenon, the Coliseum. Then Im going to go to college and see what they know, an d then Im going to build things. Im gonna build air fields. Im gonna build skyscrapers a hundred stories high. Im gonna build bridges a mile long.(George Bailey in Its a Wonderful Life [1946], adapted from the short story The Greatest Gift [1943] by Philip Van Doren Stern) Strings of Semi-Auxiliaries Only the first word in a semi-auxiliary is a true auxiliary, since only that word functions as an operator, for example in forming questions: Is Sandra going to apply for the job?Had I better eat now?Is Jennifer supposed to phone us today? The semi-auxiliaries may come together to make a long string of verbs: We seem to be going to have to keep on paying the full fee.They are likely to be about to start working on our project. (Sidney Greenbaum and Gerald Nelson, An Introduction to English Grammar, 3rd ed. Pearson, 2009) The Habitual Past With Used to The   past form of habitual aspect is often expressed by the semi-auxiliary used to: Your mother used to sleep like a log.People used to whitewash their ceilings.My father used to bath us six kids in front of the fire. These utterances describe situations that occurred habitually in the past.(Thomas Edward Payne, Understanding English Grammar: A Linguistic Introduction. Cambridge University Press, 2010) The Future With Going to The salient semantic and pragmatic features of going to which are generally underlined by grammarians are: - its relatively informal style with respect to will (Huddleston and Pullum, 2002: 211). The widespread use of gonna (as opposed to going to in conversation is often a marker of informality; and it certainly is in written texts when spelt that way. . . .;- its dual meaning of future fulfillment of present intention and future result of present cause (Quirk et al. 1985), which have often been summed up as its intentional meaning and its predictive meaning;- its tendency to be used to indicate the proximity of a future event unless there is a time adverbial or context indicating otherwise (Declerck 1991: 114). The fact that the structure is that of the present progressive form of the verb to go would seem to underline strongly its connection with the present (Williams 2002: 102). (Yiva Berglund and Christopher Williams, The Semantic Properties of Going to: Distribution Patterns in Four Subcorpora of the British National Corpus. Corpus Linguistics 25 Years On, ed. by Roberta Facchinetti. Rodopi, 2007) Markings for Tense and Person [S]ome of the semi-modals, like have to and be going to, can be marked for tense and person: - past tense:He had to call the police. (CONV)- third-person agreement:Maybe she has to grow up a bit more. (CONV) These semi-modals can sometimes co-occur with a central modal verb or another semi-modal.(Douglas Biber, Susan Conrad, and Geoffrey Leech, Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Pearson, 2002)

Ways to Build Relationships With Colleagues at Your First Job

Ways to Build Relationships With Colleagues at Your First Job Your first job out of college is full of new experiences. It may be the first time you earn a salary, the first time you’re in charge of a project and the first time you’re introduced to office politics. Establishing a good first impression is important, but it’s the weeks and months after that that will determine a lot about how you feel about your job. Cultivating working relationships with colleagues is an important part of your professional life. Exchanging ideas with others in your field can lead to great developments in your career. 75% of employers rate team work and collaboration as â€Å"very important† but 39% of employees believe that their organization doesn’t collaborate enough. The point is that both employers and employees believe that exchanging ideas is essential to doing good work. Improving your relationships with your co-workers is helpful to both you and your organization. So what are the best ways to grow business relationships in the workplace? Here are some tips for recent graduates: Ask Someone Out for Lunch Conversations and experiences outside of the workplace take the relationship out of the office context and create a deeper bond. Maybe you’re working with someone on a project and would like to develop more of a friendship with them. Why not extend an offer for them to have lunch with you? You can use the project as a springboard to talk about other subjects or keep the conversation to business. Ask Someone to Mentor You You’re new in the office and still have a lot to learn. If there’s a colleague whose business style and knowledge you admire, don’t be afraid to ask them if they would mentor you. The worst they can say is no, and the best they can do is show you the ropes of a business you’re just starting out in. Invite Co-Workers to Social Events Throwing a party at your apartment or inviting people out on a Friday night can help you get to know your colleagues better. Conversations are likely to migrate from work to personal life and you’ll be able to find common ground with your co-workers, discover more about where they’re from, what their hobbies are and hopefully develop some friendships. Say Yes to Invitations Likewise, if someone in the office extends an invitation to you, make sure you accept unless you have a prior commitment you absolutely can’t break. If someone invites you to their home, bring a gift such as flowers or a bottle of wine or something that you know they like. Create a Company Sporting Event If you enjoy a particular sport such as Frisbee, soccer, volleyball or any other sport, you may want to invite the rest of the office to participate with you. That way you can combine an activity you already practice with the rest of the office. Hopefully it will be fun and spark some healthy competition. Remember People’s Birthdays You’re likely to add most of your co-workers to your social networks so pay attention when someone’s birthday comes up. A simple â€Å"Happy Birthday† said in person can be a nice gesture. Likewise with other celebrations such as anniversaries and other holidays. It may not sound like much but just going out of your way to extend a greeting to someone on a special day can go a long way. Bring in Some Treats How does that old saying go? The way to a co-worker’s heart is through their stomach? Well, even if that’s not the way it goes, it’s still true. Bringing in some home-made snacks can score you points with your colleagues. Ask Someone to Collaborate on a Project With You If you’re working on something alone but think the project can be served better by combining with another co-worker’s talent, ask them if they would like to come onboard. Of course, get your supervisor’s permission first, but if they say yes, it could be a great way to enhance your professional relationships and get more experience working as a team. Above all, be polite, respectful and friendly and you’ll be making office friends in no time.

Role, Timing, and Mechanics of Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Role, Timing, and Mechanics of Accounting - Essay Example B) The other piece of information required can be the storage of dates on the entries so that they come in handy for the proper management of records and so that the company can reflect back and learn from the decisions taken in the past C) Cats and Dogs Company Trading and Profit and Loss Account Extract for the month of March Sales Less: Expenses Interest Expenses Profit $ 20 650 $ 900 (675) 225 Cats and Dogs Company Retained Earning Statement Extract for the month of March Retained Earning Beginning Net Profit Less Dividends Retained Earnings At End $ xxx 225 (25) $ 200 Cats and Dogs Company Balance Sheet Extract for the month of March Assets Cash Short Term Liabilities Interest Payable Long Term Liability Notes Payable Owner's Equity Capital Retained Earnings $ $ 2000 6000 200 $ 15325 20 6200 8220 Cats and Dogs Company Cash Flow Statement Extract for the month of March Cash from Operating Activities Services Expenses Cash from Investing Activities Capital Cash flows from Financing Activities Notes Drawings/Dividends Net Increase in Cash $ $ 9000 (650) 2000 (25) $ 8350 6000 1975 16325 Part Two A) a. The equipment (purchased on January 1, 2003) has a useful life of 12 years with no salvage value (Straight-line method is used). Depreciation 70000 Accumulated Depreciation 70000 The cost of the asset decreases by 70000 b. Interest accrued on the bonds payable is $20,000 as of December 31, 2003. Interest Expense 20000 Interest Payable 20000 The liabilities increase by 20000 c. Unexpired insurance at December 31, 2003 is $7,000. This would increase the assets by 7000 d. The rent payment of $140,000 covered the four months from December 1, 2003 through March 31, 2004. Interest Prepaid 105000 Cash 105000 This would have no affect as one assets increase while the other asset decreases e. Salaries and wages of $28,000 were earned but unpaid at December 31, 2003. Salaries Expense 28000 Salaries Accrued 28000 The liabilities would increase by 28000 B) 1) Trading and profit and loss account 2) Balance sheet-current assets 3) Balance sheet-current liabilities 4) Balance sheet-current assets 5) Balance sheet-current assets 6) Balance sheet-Property plant and equipment 7) Balance sheet-current assets 8) Balance sheet-current assets 9) Balance sheet-current assets 10) Balance sheet-stock holder's equity 11) Trading and profit and loss account 12) Trading and profit and loss account References 1) Hagen, K. M. (2005). How To Prepare a Cash Flow Statement. Retrieved February 17, 2008, from Googo Bits: http://www.googobits.com/articles/932-how-to-prepare-a-cash-flow-statement.html 2) Preparing the Financial Statements. (2007). Retrieved February 17, 2008, from Net MBA: http://www.netmba.com/accounting/fin/process/statements/ 3) Sangster, Alan & Wood, Frank (1999), "Business Accounting 2", Eighth

Playing Dual Roles in Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Playing Dual Roles in Organizations - Essay Example These people were voted on by a review committee and part of the determining factor was that these people were not meeting the standards and objectives that Enron created. Those who did meet the standards often received millions of dollars in bonuses. Therefore, this particular system made it so that employees were rewarded for doing what Enron wanted and punished for when they didn’t. This fostered a dangerous mindset, especially since the company was unethical. Following groups norms is similar to peer pressure in that people are persuaded to do something or behave in a certain way solely because everyone else is doing or behaving in the exact same manner. In this particular documentary, traders followed group norms by being very ruthless. It was noted that due to the competitive atmosphere, people would slit each other’s throats or stomp on each other’s throats in order to get to the top. Additionally, one trader said that he did not ask questions about the unethical practices because nobody else was. Both examples illustrate an overall acceptance of values and standards due to the fact that â€Å"everyone was doing it† or was commonplace behavior. Andrew Fastow who was the CFO of Enron was assigned the role of being in charge of the money and financial aspects of Enron. The movie discusses how Fastow essentially lied to investors by convincing them to put money into the company without really receiving anything of actual value in return. He kept Enron afloat by creating a variety of bogus companies and having investors such as banks place money on them. Additionally, he skimmed money off the top of these accounts to the tune of $45 million. Fastow’s role as CFO gave him access to a lot of money and power. It appears that he was set up as a fall guy in a way since a lot of the crime had to do with the accounting aspect of the business which Fastow was largely in charge of. It can either be said that the role of CFO corrupted Fastow and he perpetrated fraud as a means of fulfilling his greed.

Foregrounding Techniques in the Yellow Dog by Martin Amis Essay Example for Free

Foregrounding Techniques in the Yellow Dog by Martin Amis Essay The second half of the XX century is defined as the Postmodern Era in the development of civilization. It has been singled out into a separate period because of certain changes in human thought, world view and mode of living. The world has changed much since the beginning of the twentieth century – there has occurred a rapid development in contemporary technology which revolutionized our way of thinking. Postmodern literature, like postmodernism as a whole, is hard to define and there is little agreement on the exact characteristics, scope, and importance of postmodern literature. However, unifying features often coincide with Jean-Francois Lyotard’s concept of the ‘meta-narrative’ and ‘little narrative,’ Jacques Derrida’s concept of ‘play,’ and Jean Baudrillard’s ‘simulacra. ’ For example, instead of the modernist quest for meaning in a chaotic world, the postmodern author eschews, often playfully, the possibility of meaning, and the postmodern novel is often a parody of this quest. This distrust of totalizing mechanisms extends even to the author; thus postmodern writers often celebrate chance over craft and employ metafiction to undermine the authors ‘univocal’ control (the control of only one voice). The distinction between high and low culture is also attacked with the employment of pastiche, the combination of multiple cultural elements including subjects and genres not previously deemed fit for literature. A list of postmodern authors often varies; the following are some names of authors often so classified, most of them belonging to the generation born in the interwar period. Her father was a barrister and later a judge; her mother was a former elementary schoolteacher, neurotic and frustrated, angrily unhappy at being a full-time housewife. Both came from working-class families but had studied at Cambridge, and the household was one of books, book talk, and slamming doors. Many comparisons are possible in discussions of these novellas, both comparisons of the novellas to each other and of one or both to other works by A. S. Byatt. The Victorian setting, not paralleled here by a modern setting as it is in Possession, may stimulate discussion of the strengths and shortcomings of [pic]Victorian society and how it compares to modern society. The double voice of postmodern fiction presents a challenge because it requires that we question the way we read and interpret not only postmodern literature but also literature as a whole.

European economic community :: essays research papers

Britain's entry into the European Economic Community was a source of great conflict in Europe. There were suspicions that French President de Gaulle did not want Britain to enter in order to maintain his country's hegemony over the EEC. De Gaulle spoke of the cultural and institutional differences that would make Britain incompatible with the Six. The British governments motives were even questioned as to whether they only wanted to reap the economic benefits of the EEC. The following is my assessment of these situations according to the Salmon documents. Throughout document 23, Prime Minister Macmillan continuously states, " I must remind the house that the EEC is an economic community, not a defense alliance, or a foreign policy community, or a cultural community. It is an economic community,† Although it is clear throughout the document that the British were aware of the wider political agenda of the Six, their main focus was certainly economic benefits. I do think, however, that The United states had a great influence on Britain's desire to join the EEC. In document 23, Prime Minister Macmillan discusses how remaining outside the EEC could cause Britain to lose its influence not only in Europe but in Washington as well. He fears that the U.S. would pay more attention to the issues of the Six rather than Britain. On the other hand, Britain's conditions for entering the union suggest that they are only interested in the economic benefits. Britain wanted the Six to agree that Britain would be free to create their own foreign policy, fulfill their pledge to the EFTA, plan their own economy, and safeguarding of British agriculture. These conditions made me think that Britain still wanted to be their own country and handle their own affairs, but still benefit from the economic situation in the EEC. It seems that deGaulle felt his country's hegemony over the EEC would be threatened if Britain were to enter the EEC. In document 29 a Gaullist minister gives reason for deGaulles veto of Britain's membership saying,† Now, with six members, there is five hens and a rooster. If you join [with other countries], there will perhaps be seven or eights hens. But there will be two roosters. That isn't agreeable,† It is clear that because of Britain's financial status and power that deGaulle feared his country would no longer be the final say in the EEC.

Management Plan

1.1.  Ã‚   Problem Definition: The company has been successful in securing considerable sales of around $5 million per annum. However, the company for some reason has been loosing sales. This problem has been there continuously for the last five years. The issue which our department is facing specifically is that we are making decreasing contributions towards the overall net profitability of the company. For the company, after a certain time, our department will become a parasite if these types of conditions persist. Therefore the company’s top management, such as Carol and others might decide and be adamant to close and/or sell off our department. Though this might yield the company a net loss but closing down our department may offer cutting further losses in future to the company. On the other hand all employees working for and either directly or indirectly associated with this department have their jobs at stake unless the department starts earning! 1.2.  Ã‚   Vision: My department should be designed in a flat hierarchical structure. I would design the job specification of my subordinates in such a way so as to enable them to have the least number of levels to jump to reach me for discussion(s) on any relevant issues. I would encourage the employees through out the department to have themselves integrated not as individuals but as one. This would help in asserting a clear and transparent management of every one on the efforts they contribute to achieve the collective goals of the organization. This will also reveal the issues related to employees regarding the decreasing sales of our department. 1.3.  Ã‚   Mission Statement: â€Å"To provide the best quality cleaning solution to healthcare customers, bundled with the customer service beyond their expectations. To give Value for Money.† 1.4.  Ã‚   Establish goals & objectives: The department needs to and will start generating profits in the near future. For this purpose the first and foremost objective is to develop different models and use of the different available techniques to analyze the existing, past, and potential customers, their demographics, their demand type/frequency and there patterns of purchasing & using our products. The most likely reasons that they shifted from us or reduced there purchases from us. We would also analyze and try to find out what our nearest competitors are offering in comparison to what we offer and what can we potentially offer. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Communicate: 2.1.  Ã‚   Identify stakeholders: The stakeholders in our case include; The employees who are directly or indirectly linked to our department. The top management personnel such as Carol. The customers, the hospitals which account for 85% of our sales. Myself, the newly appointed departmental head. 2.2.  Ã‚   Frame Communication: I as the departmental head would rather suggest an open meeting at the end of each day, similar to that what Japanese do, and I will try to analyze and grasp the grass root of any problem so that it can be cached and cured there n’ then. 2.3.  Ã‚   Plan Communication: I would set the necessary procedures such as enclosed messages or e-mails to inform only my team members for specific department related meeting. This would ensure direct communication with privacy. 2.4.  Ã‚   Communication with stakeholders: All the stakeholders would be informed via a formal channel such as a personalized mail, e-mail and/or a news letter. Since all stakeholders are to be informed there fore we are using such methods so as to actually make a sort of announcement for the meeting. 2.5.  Ã‚   Channels of communications: Where n= the no. people communicating with each other (i.e. 6 in our case) = n (n-1)/2 =6(6-1)/2 = 15 channels of communication 3. Cooperate: 3.1.  Ã‚   Methods of cooperation: The Individual’s Team Contribution The Team’s Performance Behaviors/Process Results (Individual) Behaviors/Process Results (Team) 3.2.  Ã‚   Competition between team members: The competition between the team members is a good approach specially in the case of sales staff. Even other than sales staff, members of the department performing other activities can also compete in terms of their productivity and how much they contribute towards their job i.e. apart from their normal schedule of duties how much do they put in genuine efforts in going beyond what is required for the sake of the company’s overall ‘Good’. 4.Follow Though: 4.1.  Ã‚   WBS: Total proposals required per year= 2000 As per 2-5 there are 6 employees including me, therefore assuming the 5 employees be there; 2000/12= proposals per month = 167 167/5= 33.2 25000/12/5= 417. 4.2.  Ã‚   Accountability: The figures given above are the minimum target that need to be achieved. They form the basic standards and actually serve as the benchmarks for anyone’s’ accountability regarding his/her job.. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Evaluate: 5.1.  Ã‚   Outline of performance: The performance measurement would purely be based on it’s the type of activities being conducted and the results that are being yield as a result of these activities. This includes, for example, comparing revenues, productivity, etc. 5.2.  Ã‚   Performance:Adequate performance was given. However if the performance would have been inadequate than I would scrutinize the Work Breakdown Structure and try sorting out where the problem persists and what caused the performance to be inadequate. 5.3.  Ã‚   Optimistic: If I would have been optimistic with whatever I predicted than I would surely had placed relatively much higher targets than normal ones. This might have led to unachievable targets and hence frustration by the employees causing them to get disturbed and the productivity would have decreased. References Gareth R. Jones, Jennifer M. George & Charles W. L. Hill (2005) Principles of Management.: McGraw-Hill